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Development and Validation of a Cognitive Reserve Index in HIV

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 June 2021

Navaldeep Kaur Open the ORCID record for Navaldeep Kaur [Opens in a new window] ,
Lesley K. Fellows ,
Marie-Josée Brouillette  and
Nancy Mayo
Navaldeep Kaur
Affiliation:
School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Lesley K. Fellows
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Marie-Josée Brouillette
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Nancy Mayo*
Affiliation:
School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Nancy Mayo, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3S5, Canada. Email: nancy.mayo@mcgill.ca
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Abstract

Objectives:

In the neuroHIV literature, cognitive reserve has most often been operationalized using education, occupation, and IQ. The effects of other cognitively stimulating activities that might be more amenable to interventions have been little studied. The purpose of this study was to develop an index of cognitive reserve in people with HIV, combining multiple indicators of cognitively stimulating lifetime experiences into a single value.

Methods:

The data set was obtained from a Canadian longitudinal study (N = 856). Potential indicators of cognitive reserve captured at the study entry included education, occupation, engagement in six cognitively stimulating activities, number of languages spoken, and social resources. Cognitive performance was measured using a computerized test battery. A cognitive reserve index was formulated using logistic regression weights. For the evidence on concurrent and predictive validity of the index, the measures of cognition and self-reported everyday functioning were each regressed on the index scores at study entry and at the last follow-up [mean duration: 25.9 months (SD 7.2)], respectively. Corresponding regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed.

Results:

Professional sports [odds ratio (OR): 2.9; 95% CI 0.59–14.7], visual and performance arts (any level of engagement), professional/amateur music, complex video gaming and competitive games, and travel outside North America were associated with higher cognitive functioning. The effects of cognitive reserve on the outcomes at the last follow-up visit were closely similar to those at study entry.

Conclusion:

This work contributes evidence toward the relative benefit of engaging in specific cognitively stimulating life experiences in HIV.

Keywords

Cognitive performanceCognitive reserveHIVCognitively stimulating activitiesMeasurementBrain health
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , March 2022 , pp. 230 - 238
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

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