Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-5xszh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-18T11:57:07.749Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Consistent patterns of spatial variability between NE Atlantic and Mediterranean rocky shores

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2016

Martina Dal Bello*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Physics of Living Systems Group, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
Jean-Charles Leclerc
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, SBR, France Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias, CIBAS, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile
Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Giuseppe Andrea De Lucia
Affiliation:
CNR, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
Christos Arvanitidis
Affiliation:
Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Pim Van Avesaath
Affiliation:
Monitor Taskforce, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ, Yerseke, the Netherlands
Guy Bachelet
Affiliation:
Arcachon Marine Station, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, Arcachon, France
Natalia Bojanic
Affiliation:
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
Serena Como
Affiliation:
CNR, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
Stefania Coppa
Affiliation:
CNR, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
Jennifer Coughlan
Affiliation:
School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
Tasman Crowe
Affiliation:
School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
Steven Degraer
Affiliation:
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Marine Ecology and Management, Brussels and Oostende, Belgium
Free Espinosa
Affiliation:
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
Sarah Faulwetter
Affiliation:
Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Matt Frost
Affiliation:
Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
Xabier Guinda
Affiliation:
Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria (Universidad de Cantabria-Fundación IH), Santander, Spain
Emilia Jankowska
Affiliation:
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
Jérôme Jourde
Affiliation:
Observatoire de la biodiversité (OBIONE), UMR 7266 LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés, CNRS/University of La Rochelle, France
Jose Antonio Juanes De La Pena
Affiliation:
Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria (Universidad de Cantabria-Fundación IH), Santander, Spain
Francis Kerckhof
Affiliation:
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Marine Ecology and Management, Brussels and Oostende, Belgium
Jonne Kotta
Affiliation:
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia
Nicolas Lavesque
Affiliation:
Arcachon Marine Station, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, Arcachon, France
Paolo Magni
Affiliation:
CNR, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
Valentina De Matos
Affiliation:
MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Horta, Azores, Portugal IMAR - Centre of the University of the Azores, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
Helen Orav-Kotta
Affiliation:
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia
Christina Pavloudi
Affiliation:
CNR, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
Maria Luiza Pedrotti
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
Ohad Peleg
Affiliation:
National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
Angel Pérez-Ruzafa
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Spain
Araceli Puente
Affiliation:
Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria (Universidad de Cantabria-Fundación IH), Santander, Spain
Pedro Ribeiro
Affiliation:
MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Horta, Azores, Portugal IMAR - Centre of the University of the Azores, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
Fabienne Rigaut-Jalabert
Affiliation:
Physics of Living Systems Group, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
Gil Rilov
Affiliation:
National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
Maria Rousou
Affiliation:
Marine & Environmental Research Lab Ltd, Limassol, Cyprus
Marcos Rubal
Affiliation:
ECIMAT, Station of Marine Sciences of Toralla, Dpt. of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Spain Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Porto, Portugal
Tomas Ruginis
Affiliation:
Open Access Centre for Marine research, Klaipeda University, Lithuania
Teresa Silva
Affiliation:
Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Sines, Portugal
Nathalie Simon
Affiliation:
Physics of Living Systems Group, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
Isabel Sousa-Pinto
Affiliation:
Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Porto, Portugal
Jesús Troncoso
Affiliation:
Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Porto, Portugal
Jan Warzocha
Affiliation:
National Marine Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland
Jan Marcin Weslawski
Affiliation:
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
Herman Hummel
Affiliation:
Monitor Taskforce, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ, Yerseke, the Netherlands
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: M. Dal Bello, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy email: martina.dalbello@for.unipi.it

Abstract

Examining how variability in population abundance and distribution is allotted among different spatial scales can inform of processes that are likely to generate that variability. Results of studies dealing with scale issues in marine benthic communities suggest that variability is concentrated at small spatial scales (from tens of centimetres to few metres) and that spatial patterns of variation are consistent across ecosystems characterized by contrasting physical and biotic conditions, but this has not been formally tested. Here we quantified the variability in the distribution of intertidal rocky shore communities at a range of spatial scales, from tens of centimetres to thousands of kilometres, both in the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and tested whether the observed patterns differed between the two basins. We focused on canopy-forming macroalgae and associated understorey assemblages in the low intertidal, and on the distribution of Patella limpets at mid intertidal levels. Our results highlight that patterns of spatial variation, at each scale investigated, were consistent between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, suggesting that similar ecological processes operate in these regions. In contrast with former studies, variability in canopy cover, species richness and limpet abundance was equally distributed among spatial scales, possibly reflecting the fingerprint of multiple processes. Variability in community structure of low intertidal assemblages, instead, peaked at the largest scale, suggesting that oceanographic processes and climatic gradients may be important. We conclude that formal comparisons of variability across scales nested in contrasting systems are needed, before any generalization on patterns and processes can be made.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, M.J., Gorley, R.N. and Clarke, K.R. (2008) PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods. Plymouth: PRIMER-E.Google Scholar
Barner, A.K., Hacker, S.D., Menge, B.A. and Nielsen, K.J. (2016) The complex net effect of reciprocal interactions and recruitment facilitation maintains an intertidal kelp community. Journal of Ecology 104, 3343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2000) Predicting direct and indirect interactions during succession in a mid-littoral rocky shore assemblage. Ecological Monographs 70, 4572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2001) Variability in abundance of algae and invertebrates at different spatial scales on rocky sea shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215, 7992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Airoldi, L., Abbiati, M. and Cinelli, F. (1996) Estimating the abundance of benthic invertebrates: a comparison of procedures and variability between observers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 138, 93101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bertocci, I., Vaselli, S. and Maggi, E. (2006) Temporal variance reverses the impact of high mean intensity of stress in climate change experiments. Ecology 87, 24892499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bulleri, F. and Cinelli, F. (2000) The interplay of physical and biological factors in maintaining mid-shore and low-shore assemblages on rocky coasts in the north-west Mediterranean. Oecologia 123, 406417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Tamburello, L., Bulleri, F., Maggi, E., Gennusa, V. and Miller, M. (2012) Linking patterns and processes across scales: the application of scale-transition theory to algal dynamics on rocky shores. Journal of Experimental Biology 215, 977985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L. and Trussell, G.C. (2014) Rocky intertidal communities. In Bertness, M.D., Bruno, J.F., Silliman, B.R. and Stachowicz, J.J. (eds) Marine community ecology and conservation. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, pp. 203225.Google Scholar
Benes, K.M. and Carpenter, R.C. (2015) Kelp canopy facilitates understory algal assemblage via competitive release during early stages of secondary succession. Ecology 96, 241251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertness, M.D., Leonard, G.H., Levine, J.M., Schmidt, P.R. and Ingraham, A.O. (1999) Testing the relative contribution of positive and negative interactions in rocky intertidal communities. Ecology 80, 27112726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, D. and Bourget, E. (1999) Scales of coastal heterogeneity: influence on intertidal community structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 179, 163173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, J.R. and Curtis, J.T. (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27, 325349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bricaud, A., Bosc, E. and Antoine, D. (2002) Algal biomass and sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Basin. Remote Sensing of Environment 81, 163178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broitman, B.R., Navarrete, S.A., Smith, F. and Gaines, S.D. (2001) Geographic variation of southeastern Pacific intertidal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 224, 2134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulleri, F., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Cusson, M., Maggi, E., Arenas, F., Aspden, R., Bertocci, I., Crowe, T.P., Davoult, D., Eriksson, B.K., Fraschetti, S., Golléty, C., Griffin, J.N., Jenkins, S.R., Kotta, J., Kraufvelin, P., Molis, M., Sousa Pinto, I., Terlizzi, A., Valdivia, N. and Paterson, D.M. (2012) Temporal stability of European rocky shore assemblages: variation across a latitudinal gradient and the role of habitat-formers. Oikos 121, 18011809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrnes, J.E., Reed, D.C., Cardinale, B.J., Cavanaugh, K.C., Holbrook, S.J. and Schmitt, R.J. (2011) Climate-driven increases in storm frequency simplify kelp forest food webs. Global Change Biology 17, 25132524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, R.A., Underwood, A.J., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Aberg, P., Arenas, F., Arrontes, J., Castro, J., Hartnoll, R.G., Jenkins, S.R., Paula, J., Della Santina, P. and Hawkins, S.J. (2006) A continental scale evaluation of the role of limpet grazing on rocky shores. Oecologia 147, 556564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, M.A. (2002) Small-scale spatial variability in intertidal and subtidal turfing algal assemblages and the temporal generality of these patterns. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 267, 5374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Ben Rais Lasram, F., Aguzzi, J., Ballesteros, E., Bianchi, C.N., Corbera, J., Dailianis, T., Danovaro, R., Estrada, M., Froglia, C., Galil, B.S., Gasol, J.M., Gertwagen, R., Gil, J., Guilhaumon, F., Kesner-Reyes, K., Kitsos, M.S., Koukouras, A., Lampadariou, N., Laxamana, E., López-Fé de la Cuadra, C.M., Lotze, H.K., Martin, D., Mouillot, D., Oro, D., Raicevich, S., Rius-Barile, J., Saiz-Salinas, J.I., San Vicente, C., Somot, S., Templado, J., Turon, X., Vafidis, D., Villanueva, R. and Voultsiadou, E. (2010) The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS ONE 5, e11842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creese, R.G. (1982) Distribution and abundance of the acmaeid limpet, Patelloida latistrigata, and its interaction with barnacles. Oecologia 52, 8596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowe, T.P., Cusson, M., Bulleri, F., Davoult, D., Arenas, F., Aspden, R., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bevilacqua, S., Davidson, I., Defew, E., Fraschetti, S., Golléty, C., Griffin, J.N., Herkül, K., Kotta, J., Migné, A., Molis, M., Nicol, S.K., Noël, L., Sousa Pinto, I., Valdivia, N., Vaselli, S. and Jenkins, S.R. (2013) Large-scale variation in combined impacts of canopy loss and disturbance on community structure and ecosystem functioning. PLoS ONE 8, e66238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dal Bello, M., Maggi, E., Rindi, L., Capocchi, A., Fontanini, D., Sanz-Lazaro, C. and Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2015) Multifractal spatial distribution of epilithic microphytobenthos on a Mediterranean rocky shore. Oikos 124, 477485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dethier, M.N., Graham, E.S., Cohen, S. and Tear, L.M. (1993) Visual vs random-point percent cover estimations: ‘objective’ is not always better. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96, 93100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz, E.R. and McQuaid, C.D. (2011) A spatially explicit approach to trophic interactions and landscape formation: patchiness in small-scale variability of grazing effects along an intertidal stress gradient. Journal of Ecology 99, 416430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, L.B. and Crowe, T.P. (2010) Competition and habitat suitability: small-scale segregation underpins large-scale coexistence of key species on temperate rocky shores. Oecologia 162, 163174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, M.S. (1990) Organization of macroalgal assemblages in the North Pacific: the assumption of homogeneity and the illusion of generality. Hydrobiologia 192, 2133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraschetti, S., Terlizzi, A. and Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2005) Patterns of distribution of marine assemblages from rocky shores: evidence of relevant scales of variation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296, 1329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, S.J. (1983) Interactions of patella and macroalgae with settling Semibalanus balanoides (L). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 71, 5572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, S.J. and Hartnoll, R.G. (1983) Changes in a rocky shore community – an evaluation of monitoring. Marine Environmental Research 9, 131181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, S.J., Hartnoll, R.G., Kain, J.M. and Norton, T.A. (1992) Plant-animal interactions on hard substrata in the North-East Atlantic. Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos 46, 132.Google Scholar
Hawkins, S.J., Sugden, H.E., Mieszkowska, N., Moore, P.J., Poloczanska, E., Leaper, R., Herbert, R.J.H., Genner, M.J., Moschella, P.S., Thompson, R.C., Jenkins, S.R., Southward, A.J. and Burrows, M.T. (2009) Consequences of climate-driven biodiversity changes for ecosystem functioning of North European rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396, 245259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmuth, B., Broitman, B.R., Blanchette, C.A., Gilman, S., Halpin, P., Harley, C.D.G., O'Donnell, M.J., Hofmann, G.E., Menge, B. and Strickland, D. (2006) Mosaic patterns of thermal stress in the rocky intertidal zone: implications for climate change. Ecological Monographs 76, 461479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmuth, B., Harley, C.D., Halpin, P.M., O'Donnell, M., Hofmann, G.E. and Blanchette, C.A. (2002) Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science 298, 10151017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Dinsdale, E.A., Moltschaniwskyj, N.A., Pratchett, M.S., Tanner, J.E. and Willis, B.L. (1999) Patterns of recruitment and abundance of corals along the Great Barrier Reef. Nature 397, 5963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hummel, H., Van Avesaath, P., Wijnhoven, S., Kleine-Schaars, L., Degraer, S., Kerckhof, F., Bojanic, N., Skejic, S., Vidjak, O., Rousou, M., Orav-Kotta, H., Kotta, J., Jourde, J., Pedrotti, M.L., Leclerc, J.-C., Simon, N., Rigaut-Jalabert, F., Bachelet, G., Lavesque, N., Arvanitidis, C., Pavloudi, C., Faulwetter, S., Crowe, T., Coughlan, J., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Dal Bello, M., Magni, P., Como, S., Coppa, S., Ikauniece, A., Ruginis, T., Jankowska, E., Weslawski, J.M., Warzocha, J., Gromisz, S., Witalis, B., Silva, T., Ribeiro, P., Fernandes De Matos, V.K., Sousa-Pinto, I., Veiga, P., Troncoso, J., Guinda, X., Juanes De La Pena, J.A., Puente, A., Espinosa, F., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Frost, M., McNeill, C.L., Peleg, O. and Rilov, G. (2016) Geographic patterns of biodiversity in European coastal marine benthos. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. doi: 10.1017/S0025315416001119.Google Scholar
Irving, A.D. and Connell, S.D. (2006) Predicting understorey structure from the presence and composition of canopies: an assembly rule for marine algae. Oecologia 148, 491502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, S.R., Arenas, F., Arrontes, J., Bussell, J., Castro, J., Coleman, R.A., Hawkins, S.J., Kay, S., Martínez, B., Oliveros, J., Roberts, M.F., Sousa, S.J., Thompson, R.C. and Hartnoll, R.G. (2001) European-scale analysis of seasonal variability in limpet grazing activity and microalgal abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 211, 193203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, S.R., Moore, P.G., Burrows, M.T., Garbary, D.J., Hawkins, S.J., Ingólfsson, A., Sebens, K.P., Snelgrove, P.V., Wethey, D.S. and Woodin, S.A. (2008) Comparative ecology of North Atlantic shores: do differences in players matter for process? Ecology 89, S3S23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M.P., Burrows, M.T., Hartnoll, R.G. and Hawkins, S.J. (1997) Spatial structure on moderately exposed rocky shores: patch scales and the interactions between limpets and algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 160, 209215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M.P., Hanley, M.E., Frost, N.J., Mosley, M.W.J. and Hawkins, S.J. (2008) The persistent spatial patchiness of limpet grazing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365, 136141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotta, J., Orav-Kotta, H., Jänes, H., Hummel, H., Arvanitidis, C., Van Avesaath, P., Bachelet, G., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bojanić, N., Como, S., Coppa, S., Coughlan, J., Crowe, T., Dal Bello, M., Degraer, S., De La Pena, J.A.J., Fernandes De Matos, V.K., Espinosa, F., Faulwetter, S., Frost, M., Guinda, X., Jankowska, E., Jourde, J., Kerckhof, F., Lavesque, N., Leclerc, J.-C., Magni, P., Pavloudi, C., Pedrotti, M.L., Peleg, O., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Puente, A., Ribeiro, P., Rilov, G., Rousou, M., Ruginis, T., Silva, T., Simon, N., Sousa-Pinto, I., Troncoso, J., Warzocha, J. and Weslawski, J.M. (2016) Essence of the patterns of cover and richness of intertidal hard bottom communities: a pan-European study. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. doi: 10.1017/S0025315416001351.Google Scholar
Leclerc, J.-C., Riera, P., Leveque, L. and Davoult, D. (2016) Contrasting temporal variation in habitat complexity and species abundance distributions in four kelp forest strata. Hydrobiologia 777, 3354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lejeusne, C., Chevaldonne, P., Pergent-Martini, C., Boudouresque, C.F. and Perez, T. (2010) Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25(4), 250260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, S.A. (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecology 73(6), 19431967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangialajo, L., Chiantore, M. and Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2008) Loss of fucoid algae along a gradient of urbanisation, and structure of benthic assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 358, 6374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puente, A., Guinda, X., Juanes de la Pena, J.A., Echavarri-Erasun, B., Ramos, E., de la Hoz, C.F., Degraer, S., Kerckhof, F., Bojanic, N., Rousou, M., Orav-Kotta, H., Kotta, J., Jourde, J., Pedrotti, M.L., Leclerc, J.-C., Simon, N., Bachelet, G., Lavesque, N., Arvanitidis, C., Pavloudi, C., Faulwetter, S., Crowe, T., Coughlan, J., Benedetti- Cecchi, L., Dal Bello, M., Magni, P., Como, S., Coppa, S., de Lucia, A., Ruginis, T., Jankowska, E., Wesławski, J.M., Warzocha, J., Silva, T., Ribeiro, P., Fernandes de Matos, V.K., Sousa-Pinto, I., Troncoso, J., Peleg, O., Rilov., G., Espinosa, F., Pé rez-Ruzafa, A., Frost, M., Hummel, H. and van Avesaath, P. (in press) The role of physical variables in biodiversity patterns of intertidal macroalgae along European coasts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Raffaelli, D. and Hawkins, S.J. (1996) Intertidal ecology. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, E., Puente, A. and Juanes, J.A. (2016) An ecological classification of rocky shores at a regional scale: a predictive tool for management of conservation values. Marine Ecology –an Evolutionary Perspective 37, 311328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, E., Juanes, J.A., Galván, C., Neto, J.M., Melo, R., Pedersen, A., Scanlan, C., Wilkes, R., van den Bergh, E., Blomqvist, M., Karup, H.P., Heiber, W., Reitsma, J.M., Ximenes, M.C., Silió, A., Méndez, F. and González, B. (2012) Coastal waters classification based on physical attributes along the NE Atlantic region. An approach for rocky macroalgae potential distribution. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 112, 105114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Development Core Team (2015) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P.S., Serrão, E.A., Pearson, G.A., Riginos, C., Rawson, P.D., Hilbish, T.J., Brawley, S.H., Trussell, G.C., Carrington, E., Wethey, D.S., Grahame, J.W., Bonhomme, F. and Rand, D.M. (2008) Ecological genetics in the North Atlantic: environmental gradients and adaptation at specific loci. Ecology 89, S91S107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoch, G.C., Menge, B.A., Allison, G., Kavanaugh, M., Thompson, S.A. and Wood, S.A. (2006) Fifteen degrees of separation: latitudinal gradients of rocky intertidal biota along the California Current. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 25642585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seebens, H., Gastner, M. and Blasius, B. (2013) The risk of marine bioinvasion caused by global shipping. Ecology Letters 16, 782790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smale, D.A., Burrows, M.T., Moore, P., O'Connor, N. and Hawkins, S.J. (2013) Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: a northeast Atlantic perspective. Ecology and Evolution 3, 40164038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smale, D.A., Kendrick, G.A. and Wernberg, T. (2010) Assemblage turnover and taxonomic sufficiency of subtidal macroalgae at multiple spatial scales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 384, 7686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smale, D.A., Kendrick, G.A. and Wernberg, T. (2011) Subtidal macroalgal richness, diversity and turnover, at multiple spatial scales, along the southwestern Australian coastline. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 91, 224231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvester, F., Kalaci, O., Leung, B., Lacoursière-Roussel, A., Murray, C.C., Choi, F.M., Bravo, M.A., Therriault, T.W. and MacIsaac, H.J. (2011) Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 415423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, A.J. and Chapman, M.G. (1996) Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates. Oecologia 107, 212224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, A.J. and Jernakoff, P. (1984) The effects of tidal height, wave-exposure, seasonality and rock-pools on grazing and the distribution of intertidal macroalgae in New South Wales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 75, 7196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdivia, N., Scrosati, R.A., Molis, M. and Knox, A.S. (2011) Variation in community structure across vertical intertidal stress gradients: how does it compare with horizontal variation at different scales? PLoS ONE 6, e24062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zacharias, M.A. and Roff, J.C. (2001) Explanations of patterns of intertidal diversity at regional scales. Journal of Biogeography 28, 471483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Dal Bello supplementary material

Dal Bello supplementary material 1

Download Dal Bello supplementary material(File)
File 12 KB
Supplementary material: Image

Dal Bello supplementary material

Dal Bello supplementary material 2

Download Dal Bello supplementary material(Image)
Image 385.1 KB
Supplementary material: Image

Dal Bello supplementary material

Dal Bello supplementary material 3

Download Dal Bello supplementary material(Image)
Image 246.7 KB