Abrams, P.A. (1995) Monotonic or unimodal diversity-productivity gradients: what does competition theory predict?
Ecology
76, 2019–2027.
Armstrong, R.L. and Knowles, K. (2010) ISLSCP II global sea ice concentration. In Hall, F.G., Collatz, G., Meeson, B., Los, S., De Colstoun, E.B. and Landis, D. (eds) ISLSCP initiative II collection. Data set. Available online [http://daac.ornl.gov/] from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/981.
Arnold, M., Teagle, H., Brown, M.P. and Smale, D.A. (2016) The structure of biogenic habitat and epibiotic assemblages associated with the global invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida in comparison to native macroalgae. Biological Invasions
18, 661–676.
Bird, C.E., Franklin, E.C., Smith, C.M. and Toonen, R.J. (2013) Between tide and wave marks: a unifying model of physical zonation on littoral shores. PeerJ
1, e154.
Bonsdorff, E. and Pearson, T.H. (1999) Variation in the sublittoral macrozoobenthos of the Baltic Sea along environmental gradients: a functional group approach. Australian Journal of Ecology
24, 312–326.
Britton-Simmons, K.H. (2006) Functional group diversity, resource preemption and the genesis of invasion resistance in a community of marine algae. Oikos
113, 395–401.
Bulleri, F., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Cusson, M., Maggi, E., Arenas, F., Aspden, R., Bertocci, I., Crowe, T.P., Davoult, D., Eriksson, B.K., Fraschetti, S., Golléty, C., Griffin, J., Jenkins, S.R., Kotta, J., Kraufvelin, P., Molis, M., Sousa Pinto, I., Terlizzi, A., Valdivia, N. and Paterson, D.M. (2012) Temporal stability of European rocky shore assemblages: variation across a latitudinal gradient and the role of habitat-formers. Oikos
121, 1801–1809.
Conley, D.J., Carstensen, J., Aigars, J., Axe, P., Bonsdorff, E., Eremina, T., Haahti, B.M., Humborg, C., Jonsson, P., Kotta, J., Lännegren, C., Larsson, U., Maximov, A., Rodriguez Medina, M., Lysiak-Pastuszak, E., Remeikaité-Nikiené, N., Walve, J., Wilhelms, S. and Zillén, L. (2011) Hypoxia is increasing in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Technology
45, 6777–6783.
Connell, S.D. and Irving, A.D. (2008) Integrating ecology with biogeography using landscape characteristics: a case study of subtidal habitat across continental Australia. Journal of Biogeography
35, 1608–1621.
Copertino, M.S., Connell, S.D. and Cheshire, A. (2005) Prevalence and production of turf-forming algae on a temperate subtidal coast. Phycologia
43, 241–248.
Crowder, L. and Norse, E. (2008) Essential ecological insights for marine ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning. Marine Policy
32, 772–778.
Crowe, T.P., Cusson, M., Bulleri, F., Davoult, D., Arenas, F., Aspden, R., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Bevilacqua, S., Davidson, I., Defew, E., Fraschetti, S., Golléty, C., Griffin, J.N., Herkül, K., Kotta, J., Migné, A., Molis, M., Nicol, S.K., Noël, L.M.-L.J., Sousa Pinto, I., Valdivia, N., Vaselli, S. and Jenkins, S.R. (2013) Large-scale variation in combined impacts of canopy loss and disturbance on community structure and ecosystem functioning. PLoS ONE
8, e66238.
Dal Bello, M., Leclerc, J.-C., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Arvanitidis, C., van Avesaath, P., Bachelet, G., Bojanić, N., Como, S., Coppa, S., Coughlan, J., Crowe, T., Degraer, S., Espinosa, F., Faulwetter, S., Frost, M., Guinda, X., Ikauniece, A., Jankowska, E., Jourde, J., Kerckhof, F., Kotta, J., Lavesque, N., de Lucia, A., Magni, P., Fernandes de Matos, V.K., Orav-Kotta, H., Pavloudi, C., Pedrotti, M.L., Peleg, O., de la Pena, J.A.J., Puente, A., Ribeiro, P., Rigaut-Jalabert, F., Rilov, G., Rousou, M., Rubal, M., Ruginis, T., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Silva, T., Simon, N., Sousa-Pinto, I., Troncoso, J., Warzocha, J., Weslawski, J.M. and Hummel, H. (2016) Consistent patterns of spatial variability between Atlantic and Mediterranean rocky shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, In press.
Danovaro, R., Canals, M., Gambi, C., Heussner, S., Lampadariou, N. and Vanreusel, A. (2009) Exploring benthic biodiversity patterns and hotspots on European margin slopes. Oceanography
22, 16–25.
Dayton, P.K. (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs
41, 351–389.
Dayton, P.K. (1975) Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs
45, 137–159.
Denny, M.W., Miller, L.P., Stokes, M.D., Hunt, L.J.H. and Helmuth, B.S.T. (2003) Extreme water velocities: topographical amplification of wave-induced flow in the surf zone of rocky shores. Limnology and Oceanography
48, 1–8.
Diez, I., Secilla, A., Santolaria, A., and Gorostiaga, J.M. (1999) Phytobenthic intertidal community structure along an environmental pollution gradient. Marine Pollution Bulletin
38, 463–472.
Elith, J., Graham, C.H., Anderson, R.P., Dudík, M., Ferrier, S., Guisan, A., Hijmans, R.J., Huettmann, F., Leathwick, J.R., Lehmann, A., Li, J., Lohmann, L.G., Loiselle, B.A., Manion, G., Moritz, C., Nakamura, M., Nakazawa, Y., Mc Overton, J.C.M., Peterson Townsend, A., Phillips, S.J., Richardson, K., Scachetti-Pereira, R., Schapire, R.E., Soberón, J., Williams, S., Wisz, M.S. and Zimmermann, N.E. (2006) Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography
29, 129–151.
Elith, J., Kearney, M. and Phillips, S. (2010) The art of modelling range-shifting species. Methods in Ecology and Evolution
1, 330–342.
Elith, J., Leathwick, J.R. and Hastie, T. (2008) A working guide to boosted regression trees. Journal of Animal Ecology
77, 802–813.
Espinosa-Romero, M.J., Chan, K.M.A., McDaniels, T. and Dalmer, D.M. (2011) Structuring decision-making for ecosystem-based management. Marine Policy
35, 575–583.
Field, C.B., Behrenfeld, M.J., Randerson, J.T. and Falkowski, P. (1998) Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science
281, 237–240.
Golléty, C., Migné, A. and Davoult, D. (2008) Benthic metabolism on a sheltered rocky shore: role of the canopy in the carbon budget. Journal of Phycology
44, 1146–1153.
Gorostiaga, J.M. and Diez, I. (1996) Changes in the sublittoral benthic marine macroalgae in the polluted area of Abra de Bilbao and proximal coast (Northern Spain). Marine Ecology Progress Series
130, 157–167.
Goulletquer, P., Gros, P., Boeuf, G. and Weber, J. (2014) Biodiversity in the marine environment. Amsterdam: Springer.
Guenther, R.J. and Martone, P.T. (2014) Physiological performance of intertidal coralline algae during a simulated tidal cycle. Journal of Phycology
50, 310–321.
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., Casey, K.S., Ebert, C., Fox, H.E., Fujita, R., Heinemann, D., Lenihan, H.S., Madin, E.M.P., Perry, M.T., Selig, E.R., Spalding, M., Steneck, R. and Watson, R. (2008) A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science
319, 948–952.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J.H. (2009) The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Hawkins, S.J. and Hartnoll, R.G. (1985) Factors determining the upper limits of intertidal canopy-forming algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series
20, 265–271.
Heaven, C.S. and Scrosati, R.A. (2008) Benthic community composition across gradients of intertidal elevation, wave exposure, and ice scour in Atlantic Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series
369, 13–23.
Helmuth, B. and Denny, M.W. (2003) Predicting wave exposure in the rocky intertidal zone: do bigger waves always lead to larger forces?
Limnology and Oceanography
48, 1338–1345.
Herkül, K., Kotta, J., Kutser, T. and Vahtmäe, E. (2013) Relating remotely sensed optical variability to marine benthic biodiversity. PLoS ONE
8, e55624.
Holyoak, M., Leibold, M.A., Moquet, N., Holt, R.D. and Hoopes, M.F. (2005) Metacommunities: a framework for large-scale community ecology. In Holyoak, M., Leibold, M.A., Moquet, N. and Holt, R.D. (eds) Metacommunities: spatial dynamics and ecological communities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1–34.
Hoogwijk, M., Faaij, A., van den Broek, R., Berndes, G., Gielen, D. and Turkenburg, W. (2003) Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass for energy. Biomass and Bioenergy
25, 119–133.
Howarth, R.W., Billen, G., Swaney, D., Townsend, A., Jaworski, N., Lajtha, K., Downing, J.A., Elmgren, R., Caraco, N., Jordan, T., Berendse, F., Freney, J., Kudeyarov, V., Murdoch, P. and Zhu, Z-L. (1996) Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry
35, 75–139.
Hubbert, M.K. (1949) Energy from fossil fuels. Science
109, 103–109.
Johnston, E.L., Keough, M. and Qian, P. (2002) Maintenance of species dominance through pulse disturbances to a sessile marine invertebrate assemblage in Port Shelter, Hong Kong. Marine Ecology Progress Series
226, 103–114.
Jutterström, S., Andersson, H.C., Omstedt, A. and Malmaeus, J.M. (2014) Multiple stressors threatening the future of the Baltic Sea–Kattegat marine ecosystem: implications for policy and management actions. Marine Pollution Bulletin
86, 468–480.
Kaiser, M.J., Attrill, M.J., Jennings, S., Thomas, D.N., Barnes, D.K.A., Brierley, A.S., Hiddink, J.G., Kaartokallio, H., Polunin, N.V.C. and Raffaelli, D.G. (2011) Marine ecology: processes, systems, and impacts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Karydis, M. and Kitsiou, D. (2012) Eutrophication and environmental policy in the Mediterranean Sea: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
184, 4931–4984.
Kotta, J., Kutser, T., Teeveer, K., Vahtmäe, E. and Pärnoja, M. (2013) Predicting species cover of marine macrophyte and invertebrate species combining hyperspectral remote sensing, machine learning and regression techniques. PLoS ONE
8, e63946.
Kotta, J., Möller, T., Orav-Kotta, H. and Pärnoja, M. (2014) Realized niche width of a brackish water submerged aquatic vegetation under current environmental conditions and projected influences of climate change. Marine Environmental Research
102, 88–101.
Kotta, J. and Witman, J. (2009) Regional-scale patterns. In Wahl, M. (ed.) Marine hard bottom communities. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 89–99.
Kraufvelin, P., Ruuskanen, A.T., Nappu, N. and Kiirikki, M. (2007) Winter colonisation and succession of filamentous macroalgae on artificial substrates and possible relationships to Fucus vesiculosus settlement in early summer. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
72, 665–674.
Lima, F.P., Ribeiro, P.A., Queiroz, N., Hawkins, S.J. and Santos, A.M. (2007a) Do distributional shifts of northern and southern species of algae match the warming pattern?
Global Change Biology
13, 2592–2604.
Lima, F.P., Ribeiro, P.A., Queiroz, N., Xavier, R., Tarroso, P., Hawkins, S.J. and Santos, A.M. (2007b) Modelling past and present geographical distribution of the marine gastropod Patella rustica as a tool for exploring responses to environmental change. Global Change Biology
13, 2065–2077.
Long, R.D., Charles, A. and Stephenson, R.L. (2015) Key principles of marine ecosystem-based management. Marine Policy
57, 53–60.
Maestre, F.T., Quero, J.L., Gotelli, N.J., Escudero, A., Ochoa, V., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., García-Gómez, M., Bowker, M.A., Soliveres, S., Escolar, C., García-Palacios, P., Berdugo, M., Valencia, E., Gozalo, B., Gallardo, A., Aguilera, L., Arredondo, T., Blones, J., Boeken, B., Bran, D., Conceição, A.A., Cabrera, O., Chaieb, M., Derak, M., Eldridge, D.J., Espinosa, C.I., Florentino, A., Gaitán, J., Gatica, M.G., Ghiloufi, W., Gómez-González, S., Gutiérrez, J.R., Hernández, R.M., Huang, X., Huber-Sannwald, E., Jankju, M., Miriti, M., Monerris, J., Mau, R.L., Morici, E., Naseri, K., Ospina, A., Polo, V., Prina, A., Pucheta, E., Ramírez-Collantes, D.A., Romão, R., Tighe, M., Torres-Díaz, C., Val, J., Veiga, J.P., Wang, D. and Zaady, E. (2012) Plant species richness and ecosystem multifunctionality in global drylands. Science
335, 214–218.
Menge, B.A. and Sutherland, J.P. (1987) Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. American Naturalist
130, 730–757.
Narayanaswamy, B.E., Coll, M., Danovaro, R., Davidson, K., Ojaveer, H. and Renaud, P.E. (2013) Synthesis of knowledge on marine biodiversity in European Seas: from census to sustainable management. PLoS ONE
8, e58909.
Orav-Kotta, H. and Kotta, J. (2004) Food and habitat choice of the isopod Idotea baltica in the northeastern Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia
514, 79–85.
Pedersen, M.F. and Borum, J. (1996) Nutrient control of algal growth in estuarine waters. Nutrient limitation and the importance of nitrogen requirements and nitrogen storage among phytoplankton and species of macroalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series
142, 261–272.
Peterson, A.T. (2003) Predicting the geography of species’ invasions via ecological niche modeling. Quarterly Review of Biology
78, 419–433.
Råberg, S. and Kautsky, L. (2007) A comparative biodiversity study of the associated fauna of perennial fucoids and filamentous algae. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
73, 249–258.
Ramos, E., Puente, A., Guinda, X. and Juanes, J.A. (2016a) A hierarchical classification system along the NE Atlantic coast: focusing on the local scale (Cantabria, N Spain). European Journal of Phycology, in press. doi: 10.1080/09670262.2016.1221469.
Ramos, E., Puente, A. and Juanes, J. (2016b) An ecological classification of rocky shores at a regional scale: a predictive tool for management of conservation values. Marine Ecology
37, 311–328.
RDC Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: The R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.r-project.org/.
Rees, H.L., Pendle, M.A., Waldock, R., Limpenny, D.S. and Boyd, S.E. (1999) A comparison of benthic biodiversity in the North Sea, English Channel, and Celtic Seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science
56, 228–246.
Ricklefs, R.E. and Schluter, D. (1993) Species diversity: regional and historical influences. In Ricklefs, R.E. and Schluter, D. (eds) Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 350–364.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J.W. and Rosenberg, G. (1998) Marine latitudinal diversity gradients: tests of causal hypotheses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
95, 3699–3702.
Russell, R., Wood, S.A., Allison, G. and Menge, B.A. (2006) Scale, environment and trophic status: the context dependency of community saturation in rocky intertidal communities. American Naturalist
167, E158–E170.
Sandman, A.N., Wikström, S.A., Blomqvist, M., Kautsky, H. and Isaeus, M. (2013) Scale-dependent influence of environmental variables on species distribution: a case study on five coastal benthic species in the Baltic Sea. Ecography
36, 354–363.
Schiele, K., Darr, A., Zettler, M.L., Berg, T., Blomqvist, M., Daunys, D., Jermakovs, V., Korpinen, S., Kotta, J., Nygård, H., von Weber, M., Voss, J. and Warzocha, J. (2016) Rating species sensitivity throughout gradient systems – a consistent approach for the Baltic Sea. Ecological Indicators
61, 447–455. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.046.
Smale, D.A., Burrows, M.T., Evans, A.J., King, N., Sayer, M.D.J., Yunnie, A.L.E. and Moore, P.J. (2016) Linking environmental variables with regional-scale variability in ecological structure and standing stock of carbon within kelp forests in the United Kingdom. Marine Ecology Progress Series
542, 79–95.
Smale, D.A., Burrows, M.T., Moore, P., O'Connor, N. and Hawkins, S.J. (2013) Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: a northeast Atlantic perspective. Ecology and Evolution
3, 4016–4038.
Smale, D.A. and Wernberg, T. (2013) Extreme climatic event drives range contraction of a habitat-forming species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B
280, 20122829.
Soberon, J. and Peterson, A.T. (2005) Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’ distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics
2, 1–10.
Stackhouse, P.W. and Gupta, S.K. (2012) ISLSCP II cloud and meteorology parameters. In Hall, F.G., Collatz, G., Meeson, B., Los, S., De Colstoun, E.B. and Landis, D. (eds) ISLSCP Initiative II Collection. Data set. Available online [http://daac.ornl.gov/] from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1073.
Stephenson, T.A. and Stephenson, A. (1972) Life between tidemarks on rocky shores. San Francisco, CA: WH Freeman.
Tett, P., Gilpin, L., Svendsen, H., Erlandsson, C.P., Larsson, U., Kratzer, S., Fouilland, E., Janzen, C., Lee, J.-Y., Grenz, C., Newton, A., Ferreira, J.G., Fernandes, T. and Scory, S. (2003) Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange. Continental Shelf Research
23, 1635–1671.
Thorner, J., Kumar, L. and Smith, S.D.A. (2014) Impacts of climate-change-driven sea level rise on intertidal rocky reef habitats will be variable and site specific. PLoS ONE
9, e86130.
Tomanek, L. and Helmuth, B. (2002) Physiological ecology of rocky intertidal organisms: a synergy of concepts. Integrative and Comparative Biology
42, 771–775.
Underwood, A.J. (1978) A refutation of critical tidal levels as determinants of the structure of intertidal communities on British shores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
33, 261–276.
Underwood, A.J. and Jernakoff, P. (1981) Effects of interactions between algae and grazing gastropods on the structure of a low-shore intertidal algal communities. Oecologia
48, 221–233.
Valiela, I., Mcclelland, J., Hauxwell, J., Behr, P.J., Hersh, D. and Foreman, K. (1988) Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: controls and ecophysiological and ecosystem consequences. Limnology and Oceanography
42, 1105–1118.
Wernberg, T., Smale, D.A., Tuya, F., Thomsen, M.S., Langlois, T.J., de Bettignies, T., Bennett, S. and Rousseaux, C.S. (2013) An extreme climatic event alters marine ecosystem structure in a global biodiversity hotspot. Nature Climate Change
3, 78–82.
Wernberg, T., Thomsen, M.S., Tuya, F., Kendrick, G.A., Staehr, P.A. and Toohey, B.D. (2010) Decreasing resilience of kelp beds along a latitudinal temperature gradient: potential implications for a warmer future. Ecology Letters
13, 685–694.
Weslawski, J.M., Wiktor, J. Jr and Kotwicki, L. (2010) Increase in biodiversity in the arctic rocky littoral, Sorkappland, Svalbard, after 20 years of climate warming. Marine Biodiversity
40, 123–130.
Whittaker, R.O. (1974) Communities and ecosystems. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Wikström, S.A. and Kautsky, L. (2007) Structure and diversity of invertebrate communities in the presence and absence of canopy-forming Fucus vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
72, 168–176.
Zacharias, M.A. and Roff, J.C. (2001) Explanations of patterns of intertidal diversity at regional scales. Journal of Biogeography
28, 471–483.