¹ Holthausen, Ae. et. Wb. 336 (1934): ‘Unbek[annter] Herk[unft]‘; Feist, Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr.³467 (1939).

² Bosworth-Toller, An Anglo-Saxon dict.: se Ðe hereteama betygen sie, he hine be his wergilde aliese, oþþe be his were geswicne. Se aÐ sceal bion healf be huslgengum. þeof, siþþan he biþ on cyninges bende, nah Ða swicne L.In.15; Th.1.112.5 (: geswicne MSS B.H.).

³ Bosworth-Toller: geswicne se hine be CXX hida L.In.14.

⁴ Feist 467.

⁵ Cleasby-Vigfusson, An Icelandic-Engl. dict., and Fritzner, Ordbog over det gamle norske sprog: sverja sik syknan af dauÐa hins drepna Heilag.II.466; hlutlauss eÐa sykn af manndrápi Fms.II.225; sykn saka; vér dæmum M. N. mann syknan Grág.I.71; gera e-n syknan; verÐa sykn; vera sykn; meÐan þeir hafa eigi farit syknu sinni Grág.I.97 etc.

⁶ Heusler, Das Strafrecht der Isländersagas 127 (1911).

⁷ cann ‘Reinigung, Reinigungseid’ (Liebermann): Mynstres aldor hine cænne in preostes canne L.Wih.17; Ðanne is cirican canne riht L.Wih.21; mid rihtre canne L.H.E. 16.

⁸ cennan ‘erklären behufs gerichtlicher Verteidigung’ (Liebermann): (a) hine cennan ‘sich reinigen’: in preostes canne Wi.17, an gerefan hand Wi.22; (b) ‘zur Verteidigung erklären’: (1) téam ‘Gewährzug’ II.Atr.9.4; riht ‘Richtiges’ 9.2; (2)cennan, pæt: gif he cenþ Ðæt he hit bohte IV.Eg.10; cenne he, hwanon hit him come ‘woher, aus welcher Gewähr’ II. Atr.8.8.2; (c) cennan tó ‘Gewähr schieben zu’.

⁹ Feist 468.

¹⁰ If it is *kna-, the reduced base *kna- has been taken as a Gmc. α-stem (= *kn-a-); for a somewhat similar phenomenon, one may compare Skt. -ga-, originally IE *gṃ-; -ga-had the appearance of an a-stem (= IE o-stem) and was treated as one.

¹¹ Gering-Sijmons, Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda 2.322: ‘term. techn. für denjenigen, der in rechtsgültiger Weise seine Unschuld erwiesen hat’ (NgLV 622^b = Norges gamle love indtil 1387, udg. ved R. Keyser, P. A. Munch, G. Storm, og E. Hertzberg; 1846–95).

¹² Schröder and von Künssberg, Lehrb. d. dt. Rechtsgesch.⁷, ‘Reinigungseid’ 378⁴⁸, 394, 410, 414. Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgesch.², ‘Eid’, 1.257 ff., 2.505 f. Amira, Gdr. d. germ. Rechts³ 272 (269 ff).

¹ Feist, Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr.³ 165 (1939); notice the statement: ‘Nur unsichere Etymologien.‘

² KZ 40.411 ff., and Kleine Schriften 69 ff.

³ IF 33.304; Gdr.² 2.2².828.

⁴ The same formations may exist in Hittite; see Mezger, Hittite ḫa-aš-ša ḫa-an-za-aš-ša, Lang. 15.188 f.

⁵ Brugmann, Gdr.² 2.2².737.

⁶ Ibid. 737 ff., 883 ff.

⁷ frasti- in frastisibja ‘Kindschaft’ may be an i- or a ja-stem.

⁸ Specht, KZ 60.131.

⁹ While the explanation of frastim as an original ja-stem in accord with Skt. nitya- etc. is suggested as being the most probable, an ancient i-stem *prosti- might represent the prototype for the - ḽo-formation of nitya- and also for ti-formations like Skt. yuvatí- and IE *ĝgentí-. *protḽ- is preserved in Gk. πρóσσω. The element -ti in *proti and *prosti- is somehow related to -ti in Skt. tá-ti, ká-ti, Lat. toti-dem, Skt. paṅk-tí-; the i is probably to be connected with the i in Homeric , Lat. prior < *priḽiōs, primus, prīscus, and the i of the prepositional adverbs (of space).

pro continues to be used for the formation of words designating descendance. However, the ancient formation on the basis of a ‘prepositional’ adverb has given way to composition: Lat. *prǒgnātus = Skt. prájātaḥ ‘erzeugt, geboren’, > prōgnātus; Skt. prajáḥ, Av. fražaintis ‘Nachkommenschaft’, Lat. prōgeniēs, -ēi f., prōsāpiēs, prōsāpia; OS1. pradědь ‘arrière-grand-père’ (see Meillet-Ernout, Dict. ét. de la langue latine² 811 [1939], Walde-Hofmann, Lat. et. Wb.³ 599 f. [1938]).