[Critical examination of the grammatical chapters in Bloomfield's Language, with suggestions toward a procedure for grammatical analysis.]

[Skt. milati ‘to unite with’ intr., only Classical, is a Middle Indic form of *miśláte ‘to be mixed’, a variant of miśrayati ‘to mix’. The Middle Indic change mh > bh. Skt. -bhālayate ‘to perceive’, Middle Indic form of *smārayate. Panj. mijjh ‘marrow’ (aspirated) = Germanic *mazg- etc.]

The Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum is admittedly one of the best primary sources for the First Crusade. It was written by a member of the crusading forces who was himself an eye-witness of the events related. His name has not come down to us, and even in the early 12th century Baudri de Dol could refer to him with these words: Nescio quis compilator nomine suppresso. From the work itself however, it can be seen that he was at the start a member of the army of Bohemund. We can follow his experiences from the summer of 1096 when he took the cross, apparently at Amalfi, to the battle of Ascalon in August 1099. He remained with Tancred and crossed the Bosporus without entering Constantinople in 1096. He was at the siege of Nicea, at the battle of Dorylaeum, and at the battle for Antioch as a solider in the army of Bohemund. In November 1098, after Bohemund had captured Marra and then returned to Antioch, he joined the Provençal army under Count Raymond of Toulouse and took part in the siege of Area (called Archa or Archas in the Latin text), the capture of Jerusalem, and the battle of Ascalon, with which he finishes his history.

[Commonly recommended methods for learning a foreign language are inadequate because most people are not equipped to solve the problems that inevitably arise. The best results are obtained through imitation of a native speaker under the guidance of a trained linguist. Principles first used in recording American Indian languages have been applied to the teaching of oriental languages with unexpectedly good results.]

This study is based on a record of my daughter Joan's speech from her eleventh to her thirty-sixth month. It will deal chiefly with phonemic and lexical matters. For, apart from other reasons which will be discussed below, the morphological and syntactical development in the language of English-speaking children has been well described in numerous works, while only two authors have hitherto been concerned, implicitly or explicitly, with problems of phonemics in infant language, and as regards vocabulary patterns, it is impossible to glean any information from the customary alphabetical word lists.

[The IE dh-determinative causes a modification of meaning in Gmc., similar to that originally indicated by the strong preterite. A number of tenses in IE dialects are characterized by a consonantal formant; such formants are identical with determinatives. Related forms in other dialects serve to establish theories suggesting the origin of a morphological formation. Such forms—with dh-determinative—occur in extra-Gmc. dialects in the same verbs which in Gmc. have a dental preterite. The Gmc. dental preterite formant is a development of the IE dh-determinative.]

In Language 18.259–70 (1942) we began a discussion of the question whether Hittite of the time when our texts were written distinguished phonemically between syllabic and consonantal u and i. On account of lack of direct evidence concerning these sounds in anteconsonantal and final position we confined our attention to the antevocalic position, and considerations of space compelled us to postpone the presentation of evidence concerning Our present purpose is to discuss the evidence concerning the latter phoneme.

Ever since the seventies of the last century scholars have given a great deal of attention to various kinds of evidence that has seemed to indicate a reduced grade alongside of the zero grade in the light bases. The early discussions concerned chiefly Osthoff's theory of the ‘nebentonige Tiefstufe’, but one should note also Chr. Bartolomae's attempt to establish the presence of ə in the e-series. While no one today would support either theory in its original form, some of the material collected by Osthoff and Bartholomae still has significance.

[The thesis of the paper is summarized in §§2 and 63a. For definition of certain terms and arbitrary symbols, see footnote 6 and §3.]

[Nom. Uvārazmīy (not -miya) as older form of Uvārazmiš; motivation of Arminiyaiy as loc. to Armina;būmiyā as loc. only; arašaniš and abiš instr. pl. Instr. sg. ending on dual stem in ušīyā, gaušāyā; ucašam ‘sight’ (not ucašma ‘eye‘); hazbanam (with Meillet) for KT's reading harbānam. Karšā instr. sg. (not nom. dual), karšayā loc. sg. (not nom. pl.), with remarks on syntax.]

[The frequencies of derived forms (such as possessives in -'s, negatives in un-, adverbs in -ly, and verb forms in -ed, -ing, and -s) are computed from certain word counts as yet unpublished, in which a record was kept of all distinguishable forms of every word. The ratio of each such derived form to the basic form of the word is computed; and the distribution tables showing the variation in each such ratio are presented and discussed.]

[The endings of the Gmc. weak preterite are from the IE second aorist. The WGmc. and NGmc. endings are original; -ed- is a specific Gothic development; the Alemannic ō and ī endings are Alemannic innovations; likewise the OHG 2d sg. in ō. ‘Irregular’ forms of the dental preterite formant are analogical forms from the preterite participle.]

[The presence in central Italy of certain North Italian features (West Romance sound-shift, elements of vocabulary), in the shape of relic forms, is examined in the light of the AIS materials, and is correlated with the boundaries of the former Papal States. This phenomenon is explained by southward borrowing through this region in the Middle Ages, later overlaid by reintroduction of ERom. features from Tuscany through the expansion of standard Italian. A revised theory of dialectal (NIt.) origin is proposed for words in standard Italian showing the WRom. sound-shift (e.g. strada, ago), considering them as having come into Tuscany through central Italy.]

Indogermanische Gesellschaft, bei W. de Gruyter & Co., Woyrschstr. 13, Berlin, Germany.

Société de Linguistique de Paris, à la Sorbonne, Paris V, France.

The Philological Society, care of R. L. Turner, Haverbrack, Bishop's Stortford, Herts, England.

The Apachean languages compose the southernmost sub-stock of the great Athapaskan family of American Indian languages. In the Apachean sub-stock are found six mutually unintelligible idioms: Navaho, San Carlos, Chiricahua-Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, and Kiowa-Apache. The following remarks on pitch accent apply with equal force to each of these languages, such minor differences as occur in their accentual systems not being taken into consideration.

[The paper assembles from the AIS the material in support of the thesis that southern Italy originally had a labial treatment of the group -gn- in the form of ṷn or mn, and that the forms in jn represent an attempt to reproduce the northern and central Italian forms in ñ. The labial development is connected with that of Rumania.]