The equational or nominal type of sentence, defined here simply as one without a verb or copula, is a common feature of Hungarian syntax. According to grammars, chiefly pedagogical, and even some scientific ones, the copulas van and vannak are omitted in certain cases and are regularly used in certain others. Descriptively, of course, such a negative statement of the rule is quite satisfactory; but for reasons to be justified below, the following formulation, more exhaustive than usual in grammars and positive in approach, will be adopted.

[For two generations Guy Miege has been erroneously regarded as a representative of early Standard English. This paper shows that the pronunciation taught by Miege was fundamentally Northern-Scottish.]

In many branches of Ural-Altayic, investigations are far from being exhaustive. This is particularly true of the Tungus group, inasmuch as with the exception of one sub-division—Mandžu—little research has been done. So far even the classification of the Tungus languages and dialects remains a subject for controversy. In the standard work on Tungus ethnology, Social Organization of the Northern Tungus (Shanghai, 1929), by S. M. Širokogorov, the languages are divided, in accordance with the author's hypothesis concerning Tungus migrations, into a northern and a southern group. The southern group includes Mandžu, the historical language of the Ňu-Čžen (also: Jučen and Džürdžen), Goldi, and Olča (lower Amur). The remaining Tungus languages are placed in the northern group, which today is called Eveŋki (‘the people‘), a term used by the Tungus themselves. Širokogorov, as well as other scholars, disregards a third Tungus group, the Even or Lamut. These consist of hunters and reindeer-breeders who roam in scattered groups over the vast territory between the Khatanga river (100° E. long.) and the Anadyŕ (165° E. long), infringing on the territory of the Jakut in the lowlands of the Lena, Jana, and Indigirka rivers. They are thus separated from their southern kinsmen, the Eveŋki, by a distance of nearly 1300 miles. The geographic distribution of the Tungus cannot be here discussed in detail. Eastward of the ninetieth meridian almost two-thirds of the entire Siberian territory are inhabited by the Tungus.

[A comparison of the forms in various Algonquian languages among themselves and with parallel forms, points to PA *ke—eθe-ne, in which *-eθe- indicates an inverse relation between *ke- and *-ne, which are object and actor, respectively.]