[The paper outlines a general theory of grammatical categories. These fall into two main types, descriptive and taxonomic. Descriptive categories are either specific or generic. There are three kinds of specific categories: overt (phenotype), covert (cryptotype), and isosemantic; each of these is subdivided into selective categories and modulus categories. All terms in this classification are defined and illustrated.]

The intensive-durative prefix ∗ande- which appears in Ir. andfocul, annocul ‘habitual saying’ (cf. G Anderoudus ‘sehr rot’, Pedersen, VKG 2.10) can also be identified in the following Irish words: an[d]-ainmne ‘perseverance’, LB 261b26 (= ACL 3.320.17, where 23 N 10 reads ainmnet against the metre: the text has been assigned to the 9th century by Strachan, Trans. Phil. Soc. 1894.516); and-glondas ‘habitual cruelty’ (A1 2 168.5 = O'Dav. 135); and-locht ‘habitual fault’; and-lonn ‘condiment’; Andobor ‘the river Anner’; andord ‘musical strain’; and-ró ‘trouble’.

[This is intended as the first of a series of detailed discussions of the so-called Tocharian palatalization. All that is attempted here is an examination of the actual appearance of the sound change, to determine what are the original and what are the secondary consonants.]

[A system of four pitch phonemes enables us to differentiate all the phonemically (i.e. perceptually and meaningfully) different pitch contours of English that have come to the writer's notice. If new contours should come to light, they could probably be treated without the introduction of any additional pitch phonemes. The system applies to the problem of English pitches the methods already applied to segmental phonemes as well as to stresses and junctures.]

[A study of these two words, along with some others of similar meaning, seems to point to borrowing from French.]