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[Reconstruction by the comparative method (as distinct from internal reconstruction based on alternations between phonemes in a paradigm) is essentially a problem in phonemics, in which the place of allophones is taken by sets of sound correspondences that are partially alike (share one component) and in complementary distribution. The principle is illustrated by the IE dental and labial stops as reconstructed from Sanskrit and Germanic, by IE *s in Greek and Latin, and by the IE aspirates in Italic]
[The thesis that the saṃprasaraṇa reduplication is a zero-grade reduplication of a root beginning with a laryngeal, is proved by the study of the representation of the roots belonging to this group in other IE languages, particularly in Greek and Tocharian. By using the results gained from the analysis of the saṃprasaraṇa reduplication, a new explanation of the Attic reduplication is given, and a formula is established which seems satisfactory for most of the IE perfect types: Full grade of the reduplication = C1C2-e-C1C2- > C1-e-C1C2- > e-C1C2.]
Pending further investigation I shall call ἔνθα (‘there, then; where, when, etc.‘) an adverb. I put it into a class of anaphoric substitutes, and regard it as cloven into three sublcasses:
Albanian appears as an orderly and consistent derivative of the Indo-European system in spite of Latin and other penetrations, which have an interest of their own. The linguistic picture is more difficult to reconstruct than that of Slavonic or Baltic, owing to the large amount of borrowing from Latin, Greek, Venetian, Slavonic, and other sources, the remarkable absence of the usual terms of kinship and farming in this language of a hill-dwelling shepherd people, and the fact that, as in Armenian, phonological breakdown has given rise to greater ambiguity of interpretation.