[It is assumed in this paper that Indo-Hittite had four laryngeal consonants, namely: (1) a glottal stop of palatal color ('), (2) a glottal stop of velar color (;), (3) a voiceless velar spirant (x), and (4) a voiced velar spirant (γ), and that all of these consonants were lost in Primitive Indo-European. The paper attempts to prove that any one of the first three laryngeals converted an immediately preceding voiceless stop into the corresponding voiceless aspirate in Primitive Indo-European.]

[IE pure N-grades of the and types yield Alb. ul/lu and ur/ru, except where Ә appears to have been inserted (perhaps because the form in the N-grade was difficult to pronounce). The extended grades arising in this way fall together with original R-grades, which on becoming stressed or restressed yield Albanian combinations with the vowel a. IE N-grades of the and types are indistinguishable from extended grades and R-grades; they yield âm and ân in the Geg dialect, ëm and ën in Tosk. The article presents the evidence for these developments in a large number of etymologies, many of them new.]

[Quintilian has been thought to say that Greek φ was transliterated by Latin f. This is quite out of line with the findings of linguistic scholars concerning his period. An attempt is made here to prove that Quintilian's testimony is really not incompatible with these findings, but that Latinists have misunderstood him as a result of faulty emendation and interpretation.]

[The Italian syntactic type il Machiavelli ‘Machiavelli’, with sources in Old Italian use of the definite article with family names in the plural and with nicknames and the like, first crystallized in the Renaissance period together with more frequent use of the family name as a result of humanistic influence. Use of the family name in the singular without the definite article first became frequent in the 19th century, with the common use of the family name as equivalent to the given name in conversation, and for a time had stylistic value as an optional variant; at present, use of the definite article is formal or pedantic, and will probably disappear entirely.]

[American English loan words in the dialect of Norwegian immigrants are provided with one of the two intonation patterns which characterize native words. This paper investigates the distribution of the two patterns in such loan words and formulates the rules of their occurrence.]

This idiom was explained by Zimmer as a preterite passive (passé indéfini) which secondarily acquired active meaning. He confined his investigation to the spoken dialects and appears to have been misled by French grammatical categories. In fact the meaning is present and active, and the phrase is a blend of two uses of the verb ‘to be’ which date from the Old Irish period. It may be as early as the 13th century.