[From before the ablaut changes ablatives were formed with suffix tos. The nil-grade of this was ts, which lost its s under certain sandhi-conditions. The resultant t was in Hittite specialized as an instrumental suffix while ts formed ablatives. In Indo-European t is familiar as the ablative ending of o-stems. Indo-Hittite ts became Indo-European s, and this appears in Greek καλῶς, etc., and in ablatives of all declensions except the o-declension. Many Indo-European adverbs of place contain ablatival s, as is shown by such pairs as Greek ἀμφίς = Sanskrit abhítas ‘on both sides.’]

[See the introductory paragraphs]

In working through the various versions of the Kālakācārya legend of the Śvetāmbara Jains, preparatory to publishing a work on Kālaka and the cycle of stories associated with his name, I have noted a number of new or rare words in Sanskrit, Jāina Māhārāṣṭrī, and Apabhraṃśa, new meanings for words already recorded, meanings hitherto recorded only from lexical sources, and new formations from bases already listed.

[PIE tst etc. (from dental stop + dental stop) gave st, etc. in the dialects, losing the prior dental by regular regressive dissimilation. In Italic, Celtic, Germanic, the analogy to the final consonant of the root more commonly reversed the order of dissimilation, giving ts > ss, which even appears to be the normal development; in Indic, tt etc. may have a similar analogical origin. The sibilants in tst etc. are produced by a PIE pronunciation of the group as two separate stops instead of as one long stop, the breath emitted between the two ultimately strengthening to a full sound.]

[This paper (read at the International Congress of Americanists, Hamburg, 1930) attempts to present the phonetics of Chinook Jargon as now spoken by a few natives, to treat the essential phenomena of its structure, and to exhibit a text accompanied by an analysis.]