This paper attempts to generalize the term MORPHEME SO as to apply not only to sequences of successive phonemes but also to broken sequences. In so doing, it offers a method of expressing one of the possible relations between morphemes as previously understood. The relation in question is that which obtains between two or more morphemes that always occur together (in a given environment). The essence of the method is that any two or more continuous morphemes which always occur together shall be considered to constitute together a single new morpheme. Since this relation between continuous morphemes is a type of grammatical agreement, the method here proposed obviates the necessity of separately treating this type of agreement.

[Turfan Median kēč ‘somebody’ is probably *kahyačit, and Persian čīz ‘something’, *čahyačit; Skt. kím ‘what’ is a Middle Indic form; the IE interrogative was probably *ku̯os ‘who’ (stem *ku̯o-) and *ku̯id ‘what’ (stem *ku̯i-).]

[On the basis of a complete record of the word and of its derivatives in ancient and modern dialects, an attempt is made to link OSp. (a)quexar ‘to press, to squeeze, to crush’ with OPtg. queixo, OSp. quex-ada, Cat. queix ‘jaw’ < capsu; the further semantic development shows no anomalies. In the course of the discussion of the suggested etymology, reference is made to questions of method in Romance word-studies; to contrasts between the Old Spanish and the Old Portuguese vocabularies and their subsequent interpenetration; to synonyms of (a)quexar and of quexarse and their relation to the neologism; to various suffixes involved (-ūra, -ūmen, -ōsus, -itāre, -icāre); to individual words, including Mozar. quexdar < quaesitare, Sp. quejigo, Sp. requejo, Sp. caja, and its cognates.

1. In the better known South Dravidian languages, the verb system is such that two principal parts, or two stems, suffice as a basis on which the whole system may be built. The second stem is in general derivable from the first by the addition of a suffix *-i- or a suffix containing a dental stop (sometimes disguised by morphophonemic alternations), and is the basis for the past tense alone, or, in some of the languages, for present-future and past tenses, or for other combinations of forms. On the first stem are built all the remaining positive forms and the negative forms. Vocalic alternation within the stems, either of quality or of quantity, is very rare, but in the extremely few verbs where it occurs tends to be persistent throughout the history of all the languages; e.g. the verb ‘see’ has stems *ka·ṇ-, *kaṇṭ- in Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Coorg, and Toda, while Kota shows variation between ka#x0387;ṇ- and kaṇ- in the first stem, with leveling begun but not yet completed, or perhaps completed but with the disturbing long vowel reappearing by loan from other languages of the group. Likewise, any deviation from the suffixes given above as forming the second stem is rare.

During the 19th century, English was extensively used in Micronesia (the Carolines, Marshalls, and Gilberts) as the language of traders and missionaries. The former used primarily a sub-standard, pidginized English; their activity and linguistic influence lasted chiefly from the early part of the century through the 1890's. American missionary work began in the 1850's and 1860's, and lasted in some regions (Kusaie, the Marshalls) into the period of Japanese administration; the missionaries naturally used and tended to spread standard English. After the Carolines and Marshalls became German colonies, the German authorities did not encourage the use of Pidgin English, or establish it as an official lingua franca, as was done in New Guinea and the Bismarcks and Solomons; in fact, at least some effort was made to discourage its use. In the period of Japanese occupation, efforts were made to spread the use of Japanese as a lingua franca, and apparently Pidgin English has fallen into desuetude. Through missionary teaching of English, a few natives on almost every island in the Marshalls, and presumably in other island groups as well, know some standard English.