[OP hya hyā tya, functioning as relative and as article, rarely as personal pronoun, is a contamination of pIE demonstrative *so sā tod and relative *ḽos ḽā ḽod; it is a late formation in Iranian dialectal times, which is why the anteconsonantal t is not spirantized; it is not genetically the same as the Vedic demonstrative sya-s syā tyad, with which it is phonetically identical. But the category of the definite article was not well developed in OP, as examples show. OP hyāparam ‘afterward’ is abl. hyād + aparam ‘later’; there is no evidence that -d survived final after a long vowel, which would have prevented crasis. OP patiy is not only prefix, preposition, and postposition, but also adverb, as is shown by the use of hyāparam with and without a preceding patiy (as well as by other examples).]

[A summary of the inflectional classes of standard Italian.]

[A discussion of the vocative endings -e, -ule, -o, -lor. A Slavic origin has been suggested for one or more of these endings. This hypothesis is rejected.]

[A phonemic analysis of non-weak-stressed syllables in the Peiping dialect is shown to yield three syllabic nuclei, three medials, and fifteen additional consonants. The problem of the ‘palatal series’ is investigated; the retroflex initials are shown to be clusters having a semivowel as the second element; it is concluded that there is only one pair of affricates in the dialect.]