[A discussion of conventional popular statements about language and of certain characteristic reactions called forth when these are brought into question.]

The following study is an analysis of the speech of one speaker, Maung Shwe Waing (máun šwéi wâin) of Taw Wi village (tó wì ywá) in Lower Burma some one hundred miles north of Rangoon. Mr. Shwe Waing was born August 15, 1902 (gôzá θagayiˀ tatháun hnayà chausshè ŋâgù hniˀ, wágáun làzân shè tayeˀ, tanînlá nèi nyà shè tanáyí ˀachéin ‘in the year 1265, eleventh day of the waxing moon, Monday at eleven o'clock in the evening‘). For seven years, from his seventh to his fourteenth year, he attended the local monastery school. At the age of eighteen he left Taw Wi for Rangoon. In 1921 he shipped aboard a steamer as fireman. The next twenty years he spent aboard ship, until he came to the United States in 1940. From June 1943 to the present he has served as tutor for Burmese in the Army Specialized Training Program at Yale University.

The author's Analytical Grammar of the Hungarian Language was written ‘to fill the need for a descriptive, scientific grammar of Hungarian in English, with analysis of the various elements into their component parts’ (12). The present grammar has been written with the same end in view; originally intended as a second edition of the Analytical Grammar, it has been so completely rewritten as to form an entirely new work. The entire analysis has been placed on a phonemic basis, all Hungarian examples are cited in phonemic transcription, and extensive use has been made of morphophonemic analysis and symbolism, especially in the treatment of vocalic harmony.

1.0. This paper investigates the results that may be obtained when phonemes, or utterances in general, are broken down into simultaneously occurring components : as when the English phoneme /b/ is said to consist of voicing plus lip position plus stop closure, all occurring simultaneously.

[Three early Hittite documents are studied for evidence on the shift of man from its original temporal use (in which it was later replaced by mahhan) to its later conditional use (in which it replaced early takku). In these documents man is the only temporal conjunction; both takku and man are conditional conjunctions. (Arguments are offered for so classing a number of instances in the Bilingue which Sommer regards as temporal.) The shift of man from the temporal to the conditional sphere seems to have begun in future general conditions. A statistical summary of occurrences is found at the close of the paper.—A by-product of the investigation is the observation that in the Telepinus the present tense is used to indicate general and iterative action in past time.—N.B. In the transliteration of Hittite words (indicated by lower-case italics) s is written for the traditional š and h for the traditional ḫ.]

[OP hya hyā tya, functioning as relative and as article, rarely as personal pronoun, is a contamination of pIE demonstrative *so sā tod and relative *ḽos ḽā ḽod; it is a late formation in Iranian dialectal times, which is why the anteconsonantal t is not spirantized; it is not genetically the same as the Vedic demonstrative sya-s syā tyad, with which it is phonetically identical. But the category of the definite article was not well developed in OP, as examples show. OP hyāparam ‘afterward’ is abl. hyād + aparam ‘later’; there is no evidence that -d survived final after a long vowel, which would have prevented crasis. OP patiy is not only prefix, preposition, and postposition, but also adverb, as is shown by the use of hyāparam with and without a preceding patiy (as well as by other examples).]

Gafat is an Ethiopic language which was spoken some 150 years ago in the province of Gafat, southwest of Gojjam, northwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. According to the testimony of the latest travellers, the language is no longer spoken in that province. The inhabitants of Gafat now speak Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia. The only document which allows us to gain an insight into the structure of the language is the translation of the Song of Solomon from Amharic into Gafat made by a priest of Gafat at the end of the 18th century for the traveller James Bruce. The manuscript is now at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Another available document of this language is a collection of words made by Beke, On the languages and dialects of Abyssinia and the countries to the South, published in the Proceedings of the Philological Society 2.99–107 (1845), but in fact all the words are already Amharic provided with the Gafat ending -iš (see §2.5). According to Beke the language was sinking into oblivion.

[Iguaria, recorded since the 14th century, is traced back to Late Latin iequāria ‘giblets’ and thus connected with the iecur family, reputedly extinct in Romance, where hēpar and *fīctum replaced the traditional Latin word for ‘liver’. In conjunction with the proposed etymology, new theories and data are presented on controversial points of Portuguese historical grammar, including the development of initial yod and of pretonic e, the transmission of the suffix -āriu and the stress shift. For a summary of the results, see §5.]

The Hitt. suffix -tar gen. -nnas appended to verb stems forms action nouns. Examples are a-ša-tar dat. a-ša-an-na beside e-eš-zi ‘sets’ pl. a-ša-an-zi midd. e-ša e-ša-ri (with reflexive -za) ‘seats himself’ pl. e-ša-an-da e-ša-an-ta-ri, and ú-wa-tar dat. ú-wa-an-na beside a-uš-zi ‘sees’ pl. ú-wa-an-zi midd. u-wa-it-ta u-wa-it-ta-ri ‘appears’. Benveniste has pointed out the etymology of the suffix; it is identical with a hitherto unrecognized IE suffix -ter -tnos. One difficulty remains to be cleared up; and some additional material on the IE side can be supplied. Hence the present paper.

[A summary of the inflectional classes of standard Italian.]

[A statement of a possible phonemic analysis of spoken Standard French, followed by a number of morphophonemic statements, serves as introduction to a concise analysis of the inflection of verbs, showing the essential unity and simplicity of the system. The so-called irregular verbs are treated in full by reduction to a number of general types.]

[A discussion of the vocative endings -e, -ule, -o, -lor. A Slavic origin has been suggested for one or more of these endings. This hypothesis is rejected.]

The etymon of OCS syn ‘πύργoς‘ is found in the contemporaneous Turkic languages.

[Rigvedic márate is not a present indicative, but a root aorist subjunctive. Middle Indic marati is of different origin; it is an innovation on the model of the non-present forms.]