[OP u for IE ṛ before n is not a phonetic development, since there are contrary examples. The instances of u are all in forms of kar- ‘make, do’, where they have been induced by *tunautiy ‘is strong’ and *çunautiy ‘hears’, for which there is evidence in Iranian.]

Nearly all scholars who have worked with the cuneiform Hittite texts have assumed that the language has consonantal u (transcribed w or ṷ) as well as syllabic u, and consonantal i (transcribed y, j, or ḽ) as well as syllabic i. Although there have been few explicit statements to that effect, it appears that the difference between w and u and between y and i has usually been considered phonemic. At any rate that is the opinion underlying Sturtevant's treatment. Nevertheless there has been a tendency to recognize only w and y before vowels and only u and i before consonants, and such a distribution raises the question whether w and u, y and i are not rather positional variants of the phonemes u and i. The purpose of this discussion is to examine and classify a large enough body of material to settle the question.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a technique for determining the morphemes of a language, as rigorous as the method used now for finding its phonemes. The proposed technique differs only in details of arrangement from the methods used by linguists today. However, these small differences suffice to simplify the arrangement of grammars.

The tenses in Greek express kind of action as well as time of action. They show the kind of action in all the moods, including the indicative, and in the participle, but the time of an action they show only in the indicative mood, and in the optative, infinitive, and participle in indirect discourse when these forms of the verb represent the indicative of the direct statement. And so the kind of action is indicated by every verb-form we meet, no matter what the mood may be. Nevertheless, because in modern languages we are accustomed to associate with tense the idea of time and to think of the time of an action first whenever tense comes up for consideration, we are prone to give more thought and attention to the time-value of a tense than to the part it plays in showing whether the act it denotes is a simple, a durative, or a completed act.

[The paper delimits the field of descriptive phonology, formulates a system thereof, and briefly points out some of its implications.]

[The indefinite-relative-interrogative stem recently recognized for Hittite is not mo- as has been thought but smo-, i.e. IE sem- sm-, already known as forming indefinites and the numeral ‘one’. From it are to be derived Hitt. sanas (cf. Gr. μόνος) and sa-; masis and masiyanki; -ma (perhaps seen in namma, nasma, and imma), man, and mahhan, and their cognates, Skt. sma, Gr. μά, μέν, and μā́ν; Lat. -met and the particle *sme in case-forms of Skt. pronouns; Gr. μ∊τά and μέχρι; perhaps Gr. μή. The collocation μἐν . . . δέ is a combination of relative-demonstrative like ut . . . ita, etc.; indeed, sem- smo- in its uses and derivatives shows frequent parallels to kwo-.]

From the very beginning of Hittite studies it has been evident that the e- and i-signs were employed by the Hittites in about the same way as by the Babylonians, and so scholars assumed the existence of two front vowel phonemes for the newly discovered language. Presently a number of clear Indo-European etymologies lent powerful support to the inference. The following are among the most certain instances of e in Hittite and Indo-European cognates.

The verbal root sem-, which Holger Pedersen connects with Lith. semiù ‘I draw, empty out’, forms many compounds in Irish by prefixing one or more preverbs. With two such preverbs, for example, this root occurs in to-ess-sem- and to-uss-sem-, the deuterotonic and prototonic pres. ind. 3d sg. of which would be do-eisim, ·teisim ‘pours out’ and do·uisim, ·tuisim ‘brings forth’. Parallel to the latter, one consequently expects fo·uisim, ·fuisim to be composed of the same root sem- preceded by the preverbs fo and uss (oss). Apart from the difference in the initial element, these two verbs are, therefore, structurally identical in other respects.

This list includes all those who were on the rolls of the Society in 1941. SC before the name indicates Signers of the Call which led to the foundation of the Society, FM indicates Foundation Members, a date indicates the year of election.

[Armenian, like Hittite, Luwian, and Lycian, retains the third laryngeal initially, and has no inherited long vowels, no palatal-velar distinction, and no feminine gender. These and other archaisms lead to the conclusion that Armenian is an Anatolian language and can be compared to more advantage with Lycian and Hittite than with the IE languages proper.]

[A study of the seventy-six Old English verbs with the suffix -ettan: their derivation, their meaning, and the causes of their subsequent disappearance. See the last paragraph.]

[Latin -ks- is represented in standard Italian by two ‘popular’ developments: -ss- and -šš- (saxum > sasso; coxa > coscia). Examination of the geographical distribution of words whose Latin etyma contained -ks- shows that the -ss- development was originally characteristic of central and southern Italy (hence also of Tuscan and the standard language), as well as of northeastern Italy with simplification to -s-; and that palatalization of -ks- to -s- and -š- was originally characteristic of northwestern Italy, whence words with -š- were borrowed into standard Italian and thence spread elsewhere in Italy.]

[Outline of the syntax of an Indonesian (Philippine) language, a syntax which differs strikingly from that of Indo-European languages. In particular, the form-classes differ strikingly from the Indo-European parts of speech.]

[This paper presents material showing the scope and variety of the numeral classifiers used in Thai. It also provides illustration of the various situations in which the classifiers are employed and sets forth the rules of word-order which apply in each situation. It thus covers one of the most important phases of the syntax of the Thai noun.]