A method, including treatment with an enzyme/detergent mixture, of revealing features of the cortical hyphal arrangement in lichen thalli is described. The cortex structure of Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoria parietina, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora muralis is illustrated and described.

The typification of Ramalina leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. is discussed; R. boninensis Asah. and R. boninensis f. subcalicariformis are considered to be conspecific with R. leiodea. A description of the taxon is given, and the morphological and chemical variability considered. The distribution of both the boninic acid and cryptochlorophaeic acid races is discussed.

Umbilicaria propagulifera (Vainio) Llano is reported as new to Poland. A morphological description is given and its distribution in both southern and northern hemispheres is established. U. vellea var. dendrophora is considered to be a synonym. The chemistry of U. propagulifera is variable. Its affinities within the genus and its possible relationship, as a species pair, with U. cylindrica are discussed.