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Computations with oracles that measure vanishing quantities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2016

EDWIN BEGGS ,
JOSÉ FÉLIX COSTA ,
DIOGO POÇAS  and
JOHN V. TUCKER
EDWIN BEGGS
Affiliation:
College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K. Emails: e.j.beggs@swansea.ac.uk, j.v.tucker@swansea.ac.uk
JOSÉ FÉLIX COSTA
Affiliation:
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Email: fgc@math.ist.utl.pt
DIOGO POÇAS
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada Email: pocasd@math.mcmaster.ca
JOHN V. TUCKER
Affiliation:
College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K. Emails: e.j.beggs@swansea.ac.uk, j.v.tucker@swansea.ac.uk
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Abstract

We consider computation with real numbers that arise through a process of physical measurement. We have developed a theory in which physical experiments that measure quantities can be used as oracles to algorithms and we have begun to classify the computational power of various forms of experiment using non-uniform complexity classes. Earlier, in Beggs et al. (2014 Reviews of Symbolic Logic7(4) 618–646), we observed that measurement can be viewed as a process of comparing a rational number z – a test quantity – with a real number y – an unknown quantity; each oracle call performs such a comparison. Experiments can then be classified into three categories, that correspond with being able to return test results

$$\begin{eqnarray*} z < y\text{ or }z > y\text{ or }\textit{timeout},\\ z < y\text{ or }\textit{timeout},\\ z \neq y\text{ or }\textit{timeout}. \end{eqnarray*} $$
These categories are called two-sided, threshold and vanishing experiments, respectively. The iterative process of comparing generates a real number y. The computational power of two-sided and threshold experiments were analysed in several papers, including Beggs et al. (2008 Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A (Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences)464 (2098) 2777–2801), Beggs et al. (2009 Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A (Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences)465 (2105) 1453–1465), Beggs et al. (2013a Unconventional Computation and Natural Computation (UCNC 2013), Springer-Verlag 6–18), Beggs et al. (2010b Mathematical Structures in Computer Science20 (06) 1019–1050) and Beggs et al. (2014 Reviews of Symbolic Logic, 7 (4):618-646). In this paper, we attack the subtle problem of measuring physical quantities that vanish in some experimental conditions (e.g., Brewster's angle in optics). We analyse in detail a simple generic vanishing experiment for measuring mass and develop general techniques based on parallel experiments, statistical analysis and timing notions that enable us to prove lower and upper bounds for its computational power in different variants. We end with a comparison of various results for all three forms of experiments and a suitable postulate for computation involving analogue inputs that breaks the Church–Turing barrier.

Type
Paper
Information
Mathematical Structures in Computer Science , Volume 27 , Special Issue 8: Continuity, Computability, Constructivity: From Logic to Algorithms 2013 , December 2017 , pp. 1315 - 1363
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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