Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-26T01:13:32.070Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Open-Door Treaties: China and the Ottoman Empire Compared

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Reşat Kasaba
Reşat Kasaba*
Affiliation:
University of Washington, Jackson School of International Studies
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Balta Limam Treaty of 1838, the Nanjing Treaty of 1842, and the events that led to them have epochal significance in the history of Britain's involvement in the Ottoman Empire and China. In addition to stipulating the principles according to which commercial relations were to take place between England and the Ottoman Empire and China, these treaties became the first in a series of international and domestic measures that marked a turn toward free trade and informal empire as distinct from the widespread use of formal methods of control that had characterized British policies in previous periods. As such, the treaties are also regarded as having a global significance. Furthermore, unlike previous unilateral grants by the Ottoman and Chinese governments that restricted the commerce and the residence of foreigners, the Balta Limam and Nanjing documents were drawn up as bilateral agreements that greatly expanded the foreigners’ ability to trade and reside in the Ottoman Empire and China.

Type
Research Article
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 7: Special Issue Title: The 1838 Convention and Its Impact , spring 1992 , pp. 71 - 89
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Unpublished:

FO 78: United Kingdom. Foreign Office. Dispatches from British Consuls in Turkey. Public Record Office. London.Google Scholar
T 238: United States. Department of State. Dispatches from American Consuls in Smyrna, Turkey. Microfilm.Google Scholar
Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at. 1988. “The Ottoman Nasihatname as a Discourse over Morality,” in Temimi, A. (ed.), Mélanges Professeur Robert Mantran, Zaghouan, pp. 17–30.Google Scholar
Akşin, Sina. 1987. “1839'da Osmanli Ülkesinde Ideolojik Ortam ve Osmanli Devletinin Uluslararasi Durumu,” Mustafa Reşid Paşa ve Dönemi Semineri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, pp. 5–12.Google Scholar
Basu, Dilip and Rhoads, Murphey (eds.). 1972. Nineteenth-Century China: Five Imperialist Perspectives. Ann Arbor: Michigan Papers in Chinese StudiesGoogle Scholar
Bayly, C. A. 1989. Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Boratav, Korkut, Ökçün, Gündüz, and Pamuk, Şevket. 1985. “Ottoman Wages and the World-Economy, 1839-1913,” Review, VIII(3), Winter, pp. 379–406.Google Scholar
Çadirci, Musa. 1987. “Tanzimatm Uygulanmasi ve Karşilaşlan Güçlükler,” Mustafa Reşid Paşa ve Dönemi Semineri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, pp. 97–111.Google Scholar
Cain, P. J. and Hopkins, A. G. 1980. “The Political Economy of British Expansion Overseas, 1750-1914,” The Economic History Review, 2nd. Series, XXXIII(4), November, pp. 463–490.Google Scholar
Cain, P. J. and Hopkins, A. G. 1986. “Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas I: The Old Colonial System, 1688-1850,” The Economic History Review, 2nd. Series, XXXIX(4), pp. 501–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, P. J. and Hopkins, A. G. 1987. “Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas II: New Imperialism,” The Economic History Review, 2nd. Series, XL(1), pp. 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cezar, Yavuz. 1978. “Zahire Hazinesi ve 1795 (1210) Tarihli Nizam-namesi,” Toplum ve Bilim, (6-7), pp. 111–152.Google Scholar
Cezar, Yavuz. 1986. Osmanli Maliyesinde Bunahm ve Değişim Dönemi. Istanbul: Alan.Google Scholar
Chang, Hsiupao. 1964. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K. N. 1975. “The Economic and Monetary Problems of European Trade with Asia During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Journal of European Economic History, 4, Fall.Google Scholar
Chesneaux, Jean. 1972. “Secret Societies in China's Historical Evolution,” in J. Chesneaux (ed.), Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Chevallier, Dominique. 1968. “Western Development and Eastern Crisis in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Syria Confronted with the European Economy,” in Polk, W. and Chambers, R. (eds.), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 205–222.Google Scholar
Cunningham, A.B. 1983. “The Journal of Christophe Aubin: A Report on the Levant Trade in 1812,” Archivum Ottomanicum, VIII(8), pp. 5–131.Google Scholar
Davis, Ralph. 1979. The Industrial Revolution and British Overseas Trade. Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Exertzoglou, Haris. 1986. Greek Banking in Constantinople, 1830-1881. Unpublished thesis, King's College, London.Google Scholar
Fairbank, John King. 1953. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fay, Peter Ward. 1975. The Opium War. New York: NortonGoogle Scholar
Genç, Mehmet. 1975. “Osmanli Maliyesinde Malikane Sistemi,” in Nalbantoğlu, Ü. and Okyar, O. (eds.), Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi Semineri. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Gary. 1977. “Chinese Consumption of Foreign Commodities: A Comparative Perspective,” American Sociological Review, XLII, December, pp. 877–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hao, Yen-P'ing. 1971. The Comprador in Nineteenth-Century China: Bridge Between East and West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hao, Yen-P'ing. 1986. The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hurewitz, J.C. 1975. The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. 1966. The Economic History of the Middle East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. 1980. The Economic History of Turkey. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar
Jones, Susan Mann. 1972. “Finance in Ningpo: The Ch'ien-Chuang, 1750-1880,” in Willmott, W. E. (ed.), Economic Organization in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 47–77.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Philip. 1980. Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mubahhat. 1974. Osmanh-Ingiliz Iktisadi Münasebetleri, II. Ankara: Türk Kültürnünü Araştιrma Enstitüsü.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mubahhat. 1976. Osmanh-Ingiliz Iktisadi Münasebetleri, II. Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi.Google Scholar
Leon, George. 1972. “The Greek Merchant Marine,” in Papadopulos, S. (ed.), The Greek Merchant Marine. Athens: National Bank of Greece.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan. 1987. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mardin, Şerif. 1962. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Masters, Bruce. 1988. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Mayers, William Frederick. 1906. Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers. Shanghai: North China Herald Limited.Google Scholar
Mufassal Osmanli Tarihi, V. 1962. Istanbul: Güven.Google Scholar
Murphey, Rhoads. 1970. The Treaty Ports and China's Modernization: What Went Wrong? Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger. 1987. “The Silk Reeling Industry of Mount Lebanon, 1840-1914: a Study of the Possibilities and Limitations of Factory Production in the Periphery,” in Islamoğlu-Inan, H. (ed.), The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 271–283.Google Scholar
Pamuk, Şevket. 1987. The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Puyraimond, Guy. 1972. “The Ko-lao Hui and the Anti-Foreign Incidents of 1891,” in Chesneaux, J. (ed.) Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 113–124.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. 1983. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. 1986. “Machine Breaking and the Changing Carpet Industry of Western Anatolia, 1860-1908,” Journal of Social History, XIX(3), Spring, pp. 473–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, William. 1984. Hankow: Commerce and Society in A Chinese City, 1796-1889. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sayar, Ahmed Güner. 1986. Osmanli Iktisat Dûşüncesinin Çağdaşlaşmasι. Istanbul: Dergah.Google Scholar
Sessional Papers, Great Britain, House of Commons, LXVII, 1873.Google Scholar
Skinner, William. 1964. “Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China,” Journal of Asian Studies, Part I: XXIV.Google Scholar
Skinner, William. 1977. “Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China,” in Skinner, W. (ed.), The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 211–249.Google Scholar
Stoianovich, Traian. 1960. “The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant,” Journal of Economic History, XX(2), June, pp. 234–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabak, Faruk. 1988. “Local Merchants in Peripheral Areas of the Empire: The Fertile Crescent During the Long Nineteenth Century,” Review, XI(2), Spring, pp. 179–214.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic. 1966. Strangers at the Gate. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic. 1975. The Fall of Imperial China. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Waley, Arthur. 1958. The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. London: George Allen and Unwin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1989. The Modern World-System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar