¹ Levine, Lee J., Ancient Synagogues Revealed (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981).Google Scholar His analysis of the synagogue was developed and expanded in his introduction, especially in relation to diaspora synagogues, in a series of essays by various scholars in The Synagogue in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1987). Recently Levine's understanding of the synagogue in the early Roman period has been significantly altered, and now more nearly resembles the historical view set forth in this essay.

² Light from the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco-Roman World (tr. Strachan, Lionel R.M.. New York: G. H. Doran, 1927), Appendix V, 439–41.Google Scholar

³ Vol. 1,649, 703.Google Scholar

⁴ (2 vols.; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992) Vol. 2, 541.Google Scholar

⁵ Emil, Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135) 2 (new English version rev. and ed. Vermes, Geza, Millar, Fergus, and Black, Matthew; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1979) 425.Google Scholar

⁶ Deissmann, , Light, 439, n. 2.Google Scholar

⁷ Neusner's thesis about the transformation of Judaism in this period is effectively summarized in the Preface and Introduction to the second printing of his Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity (South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 8; Atlanta, GA: Scholars, 1991).Google Scholar

⁸ 7.799–814.Google Scholar

⁹ Zeph 3.8; Gen 28.3; 35.11; 48.4; Jer 50.9.Google Scholar

¹⁰ In Ps 85.14 a lawless, powerful band (συναγωγή) attacks God's people.Google Scholar

¹¹ Exod 16.1,4,6; Num 14.17,27, 35.Google Scholar

¹² Exod 12.6; Lev 9.5; Num 8.9; Ps 111.1.Google Scholar

¹³ Although Schrage tries to make the point that Susanna 28 is the one passage in the LXX which refers to the building where the people gather as συναγωγή, it is clear that the gathering takes place in the private home of her husband, Joakim.Google Scholar

¹⁴ T. Levi 11.5, the congregation of Israel; T. Benj 11.2–3, the gathering of the Gentiles through the testimony of the messiahs of Levi and Judah.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Detailed and fully documented analysis of προσευνχή in relation to synagogue has been done by Martin Hengel in an essay originally published in the Festschrift for K. G. Kuhn, ‘Proseuche und Synagoge: Jüdische Gemeinde, Gotteshaus und Gottesdienst in der Diaspora und in Palästina’(ed. Jeremias., J.; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1971) 157–83. Reprinted in The Synagogue: Studies in Origins, Archaeology and Architecture (ed. J. Gutmann; New York: KTAV, 1975) 27–54.Google Scholar

¹⁶ ‘∑υναγωγή’, in TDNT 7.830.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Examples of these meanings are found: ‘dwelling’, Plato Phaedrus 116a; Herodotus 1.17; ‘storehouse’, Demosthenes 42.6,19; ‘animal cage’, Herodotus 7.119; ‘brothel’, Herodotus 2.121; Plato Charmides 163b.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Text and translation of Philo's Legatio ad Gaium edited and annotated by Smallwood, E. Mary, Philonis Alexandrini: Legatio ad Gaium (Leiden: Brill, 1970).Google Scholar

¹⁹ The thesis that there was a later modest revision and expansion of the Wars was offered by Robert Eisler and adopted by Thackeray, H. St.J., in the Loeb edition of Josephus (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1957) vii–xii.Google Scholar

²⁰ Cf. Luke 4.31–7.Google Scholar

²¹ Cf. Matt 4.23–5; Luke 4.44.Google Scholar

²² Cf. Matt 13.53–8. Greatly expanded and altered in Luke 4.16–30; see below.Google Scholar

²³ Cf. Matt 23.6; Luke 11.20.Google Scholar

²⁴ In Every Good Man Is Free, 81 (tr. Colson, F. H.. LCL 9; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1941).Google Scholar

²⁵ Discussion and bibiliography on Moses' seat in Schürer (rev. ed.), 2.442, n. 66.Google Scholar

²⁶ The assumption by Schrage and others that the fragmented inscription from Corinth which presumably reads [∑υνα]γωγή Εβρ[αίων] dates from the first century (art. ‘∑υναγωγή’, TDNT 8.812) is now widely discredited, since the find has no datable archaeological links.Google Scholar

²⁷ Suggested by Lake, K., and Cadbury, H.J., in The Beginnings of Christianity, Part One (Reprint Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1965) 4.239.Google Scholar

²⁸ White, L. Michael, Building God's House in the Roman World: Architectural Adaptation among Pagans, Jews and Christians (Baltimore and London; Johns Hopkins University, 1990) 102–39.Google Scholar

²⁹ (Ed. Freedman, David Noel; New York: Doubleday, 1992) 6.251–60.Google Scholar

³⁰ Josephus War, 4.1ff.Google Scholar

³¹ So Gutmann, S., the excavator, in ‘The Synagogue at Gamla’ and Z. Ma'oz in ‘The Synagogue at Gamla and the Typology of Second Century Synagogues’. Both essays are in Ancient Synagogues Revealed (ed. Levine, Lee I.; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981) 30–4, 35–41. Ma'oz acknowledges that the only other pre-70 ‘synagogues’ on which he bases his typology are those at Herodium and Masada. None of them in fact has any of the distinctive features of the later synagogues.Google Scholar

³² The Synagogue: Studies in Origins, Archaeology and Architecture (ed. Gutmann, Joseph; New York: KTAV, 1975) xi. Although the revised edition of Schürer's History of the Jewish People, 2 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1979) 463, assumes that there were special synagogue buildings in the post-70 period, there is acknowledgement that the so-called synagogue at Herodium was simply converted from a dining room by the nationalists during the first Jewish revolt.Google Scholar

³³ An obvious example of the absence of such a distinction is to be found in the article in NTS 39.2 by Richard E. Oster in which he challenges my interpretation of the evidence about the synagogue in Luke-Acts.Google Scholar

³⁴ Meyers, Eric M., and Strange, James F., Archaeology, the Rabbis, and Early Christianity (Nashville: Abingdon, 1981) 141.Google Scholar

³⁵ Chiat, Marilyn J. S., in Handbook of Synagogue Architecture (Brown Judaic Studies, ed. Neusner, J.; Chico, CA: Scholars, 1982), includes the Theodotus inscription even though there is no certain link between it and the architectural fragments that were also found in the cistern, and there was no datable archaeological material found with it. She also includes the details of the synagogue reported in the inscription in her statistical analysis of synagogue facilities.Google Scholar

³⁶ In his essay in Ancient Synagogues Revealed, (Jerusalem, 1981) 52, S. Loffreda suggests a date for this synagogue in the last decade of the fourth to the mid-fifth century CE.Google Scholar

³⁷ This phenomenon of the replacement of private houses used as gathering places for study of Torah and worship has been demonstrated in several synagogue sites in the Diaspora: L. Michael White, Building God's House in the Roman World (see note 28 above).Google Scholar

³⁸ White, Building God's House, 7–8, 64–71.Google Scholar

³⁹ Dothan, M., ‘The Synagogue at Hammath Tiberias’, in Ancient Synagogues Revealed (ed. Levine, L.) 52.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Zwi Uri Ma'oz, ‘Ancient Synagogues of the Golan’, in Biblical Archaeologist 51/2 (1988) 116–28.Google Scholar

⁴¹ In Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992) 1.447–54.Google Scholar

⁴² King, Philip J., in Anchor Bible Dictionary, 3.761–2.Google Scholar

⁴³ Jerusalem, , 1983.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Translated from the Hebrew original. English edition New York: Schocken, 1976.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Sub-title, From Pompey to Diocletian (Studies in Judaism and Late Antiquity, ed. Neusner, Jacob; Leiden: Brill, 1976, 1981).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Bahat, Atlas, 45.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Avi-Yonah, , Jews of Palestine, 77–80.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Smallwood, , Jews under Roman Rule, 469–78.Google Scholar