Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T04:06:41.339Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Patterns of turnover in Middle and Upper Ordovician brachiopods of the eastern United States: a test of coordinated stasis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2016

Mark E. Patzkowsky  and
Steven M. Holland
Mark E. Patzkowsky
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-2714. E-mail: brachio@geosc.psu.edu
Steven M. Holland
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2501. E-mail: stratum@gly.uga.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A compilation of species occurrences in a chronostratigraphic framework of depositional sequences from a 250,000 km2 area in the eastern United States is used to test for coordinated stasis in Middle and Upper Ordovician articulate brachiopods. Two rapid pulses of turnover in brachiopod species separate three periods of relatively lower turnover (ecologic-evolutionary [EE] subunits) that range from 3 to 9 m.y. in duration. Turnover within these EE subunits is characterized by high levels of percent species origination (ca. 60%) and percent species extinction (ca. 80%) and low levels of percent species persistence (<10%), all of which fall outside the range reported for coordinated stasis. Turnover between EE subunits is characterized by low levels of percent species holdover and percent species carryover (ca. 10% or less) and is consistent with coordinated stasis, although turnover pulses are driven largely by pulses in either extinction or origination, and not by pulses in both, as reported for coordinated stasis. Taken together, although these data display a marked bimodality in turnover, high levels of turnover within EE subunits is inconsistent with a pattern of coordinated stasis. Turnover rates within these EE subunits are much higher than previous global estimates for Cambro-Ordovician brachiopods or Phanerozoic marine species and indicate that local extirpation and migration play a significant role in regional biodiversity dynamics. Despite the high level of turnover observed within these EE subunits, some level of ecologic stability occurs because abundant genera persist throughout entire EE subunits. Ordovician species in this study behaved relatively independently of other taxa and were not tightly integrated as suggested by the broadly overlapping taxon abundance curves, the shifting habitat preference of some taxa, the piecemeal turnover between EE subunits, and the continuous creation of new species associations due to background levels of turnover within EE subunits. Turnover within EE subunits was associated with relatively stable or only mildly fluctuating environments. Rapid turnover between EE subunits was caused by extreme perturbations to the regional or possibly global ocean-climate system.

Type
Articles
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 23 , Issue 4 , Fall 1997 , pp. 420 - 443
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Alberstadt, L. P. 1979. The brachiopod genus Platystrophia. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1066-B:1–20.Google Scholar
Anderson, S., and Anderson, C. S. 1975. Three Monte Carlo models of faunal evolution. American Museum Novitates 2563:1–6.Google Scholar
Anstey, R. L. 1986. Bryozoan provinces and patterns of generic evolution and extinction in the Late Ordovician of North America. Lethaia 19:33–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bambach, R. K. 1994. The null hypothesis for community stability and recurrence—environmental selection of adapted organisms. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 26:A519.Google Scholar
Baumiller, T. K. 1996. Exploring the pattern of coordinated stasis: simulations and extinction scenarios. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:135–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1975. Evolution and extinction rate controls. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1983. Does evolution take place in an ecological vacuum? II. Journal of Paleontology 57:1–30.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1990. Modern paleontology: using biostratigraphy to the utmost. Revista Española de Paleontología 5:63–70.Google Scholar
Bretsky, P. W. 1970. Late Ordovician ecology of the central Appalachians. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 34:1–150.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E. 1986. Dynamic stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian) in New York State, Part I. New York State Museum Bulletin 457:1–157.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E., and Baird, G. C. 1995. Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to Middle Devonian faunas in the Appalachian Basin. Pp. 285–315in Erwin, D. H. and Anstey, R. L., eds. New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E., Miller, K. B., and Baird, G. C. 1990. A temporal hierarchy of paleoecologic processes within a Middle Devonian epeiric sea. Pp. 178–209in W. M. III, ed. Paleocommunity temporal dynamics: the long term development of multispecies assemblies. Paleontological Society Special Publication 5: 178–209.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E., Ivany, L. C., and Schopf, K. M. 1996. Coordinated stasis: an overview. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. H. 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Butts, C. 1940. Geology of the Appalachian Valley of Virginia with explanatory text. Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin 52:1–568.Google Scholar
Butts, C. 1941. Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia, Part 2, Fossil plates and explanations. Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin 52:1–271.Google Scholar
Buzas, M. A., and Culver, S. J. 1994. Species pool and dynamics of marine paleocommunities. Science 264:1439–1441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cocks, L. R. M., and Rong, J. Y. 1989. Classification and review of the brachiopod superfamily Plectambonitacea. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 45:77–163.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1956. Chazyan and related brachiopods. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 127. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Copper, P. 1977. Zygospira and some related Ordovician and Silurian atrypoid brachiopods. Palaeontology 20:295–335.Google Scholar
Copper, P. 1986. Evolution of the earliest smooth spire-bearing atrypoids (Brachiopoda: Lissatrypidae, Ordovician–Silurian). Palaeontology 29:827–866.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R. 1973. Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 768:1–61.Google Scholar
Dalvé, E. 1948. The fossil fauna of the Ordovician in the Cincinnati region. University Museum, Department of Geology and Geography, Cincinnati, Ohio.Google Scholar
DiMichele, W. A. 1994. Ecological patterns in time and space. Paleobiology 20:89–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1989. Extinctions and origins of solitary rugose corals, latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian in North America. In Jell, P. A. and Pickett, J. W., ed. Fossil Cnidaria 5. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 8:319–326.Google Scholar
Enquist, B. J., Jordan, M. A., and Brown, J. H. 1995. Connections between ecology, biogeography, and paleobiology: relationship between local abundance and geographic distribution in fossil and recent molluscs. Evolutionary Ecology 9:586–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, R. H. 1946. Ordovician cephalopods of the Cincinnati region, Part 1. Bulletins of American Paleontology 29:1–738.Google Scholar
Foote, M. 1994. Temporal variation in extinction risk and temporal scaling of extinction metrics. Paleobiology 20:424–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M., and Raup, D. M. 1996. Fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa. Paleobiology 22:121–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fordham, B. G. 1992. Chronometric calibration of mid-Ordovician to Tournaisian conodont zones: a compilation from recent graphic-correlation and isotope studies. Geological Magazine 129:709–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, W. T. 1968. Quantitative paleoecologic analysis of fossil communities in the Richmond Group. Journal of Geology 76:613–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, R. C. 1987. The occurrence of pelecypods in early Paleozoic epeiric-sea environments, Late Ordovician of the Cincinnati, Ohio area. Palaios 2:3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, R. C. 1995. Middle and Upper Ordovician nautiloid cephalopods of the Cincinnati Arch region of Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1066-P:1–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J. 1994. Rarity. Chapman and Hall, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harland, W. B., Armstrong, R. L., Cox, A. V., Craig, L. E., Smith, A. G., and Smith, D. G. 1990. A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Holland, S. M. 1988. Taphonomic effects of sea-floor exposure on an Ordovician brachiopod assemblage. Palaios 3:588–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S. M. 1993. Sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-clastic ramp: the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) in its type area. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105:306–322.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S. M. 1995a. Sequence stratigraphy, facies control, and their effects on the stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Pp. 1–23in Haq, B. U., ed. Sequence stratigraphy and depositional response to eustatic, tectonic and climatic forcing. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Holland, S. M. 1995b. The stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Paleobiology 21:92–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S. M. 1996. Recognizing artifactually generated coordinated stasis: implications of numerical models and strategies for field tests. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:147–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S. M. 1997. Using time-environment analysis to recognize faunal events in the Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati Arch. Pp. 309–334in Brett, C. E., ed. Paleontological event horizons: ecological and evolutionary implications. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Holland, S. M., and Patzkowsky, M. E. 1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term oceanographic change in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the eastern United States. In Witzke, B. J., Ludvigson, G. A. and Day, J. E., eds. Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American Craton. Geological Society of America Special Paper 306:117–129. Boulder, Colo.Google Scholar
Holland, S. M., and Patzkowsky, M. E. 1997. Distal orogenic effects on peripheral bulge sedimentation: Middle and Upper Ordovician of the Nashville Dome. Journal of Sedimentary Research 67:250–263.Google Scholar
Howe, H. J. 1969. Rhynchonellacean brachiopods from the Richmondian of Tennessee. Journal of Paleontology 43:1331–1350.Google Scholar
Howe, H. J. 1988. Articulate brachiopods from the Richmondian of Tennessee. Journal of Paleontology 62:204–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, N. C., and Labandeira, C. C. 1995. The stability of species in taxonomy. Paleobiology 21:401–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivany, L. C. 1996. Coordinated stasis or coordinated turnover? Exploring intrinsic vs. extrinsic controls on pattern. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:239–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaanusson, V., and Basset, M. G. 1993. Orthambonites and related Ordovician brachiopod genera. Palaeontology 36:21–63.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1996. Paleobiology, community ecology, and scales of ecological pattern. Ecology 77:1367–1378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, J. B. C. 1995. Constancy and change of life in the sea. Pp. 45–54in Lawton, J. H. and May, R. M., eds. Extinction rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C., Budd, A. F., and Pandolfi, J. M. 1996. The shifting balance of natural communities? Pp. 89–122in Jablonski, D., Erwin, D. H., and Lipps, J. H., eds. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Kerr, R. A. 1996. New mammal data challenge evolutionary pulse theory. Science 273:431–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunk, M. J., and Sutter, J. F. 1984. 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of biotite from Middle Ordovician bentonites, eastern North America. Pp. 11–22in Bruton, D. L., ed. Aspects of the Ordovician System. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Brett, C. E. 1991. Dynamic stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian) in New York State, Part II. New York State Museum Bulletin 469:1–177.Google Scholar
Lavoie, D. 1995. A Late Ordovician high-energy temperate-water carbonate ramp, southern Quebec, Canada: implications for Late Ordovician oceanography. Sedimentology 42:95–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehman, D., and Pope, J. K. 1990. Upper Ordovician tempestites from Swatara Gap, Pennsylvania: depositional processes affecting the sediments and paleoecology of the fossil faunas. Palaios 4:553–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, B. S., Brett, C. E., and Eldredge, N. 1995. A study of stasis and change in two species lineages from the Middle Devonian of New York State. Paleobiology 21:15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlan, A. C. 1943. Geology of Kentucky. University of Kentucky, Lexington.Google Scholar
McKinney, M. L., and Allmon, W. D. 1995. Metapopulations and disturbance: from patch dynamics to biodiversity dynamics. Pp. 123–183in Erwin, D. H. and Anstey, R. L., eds. New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
McKinney, M. L., Lockwood, J. L., and Frederick, D. R. 1996. Does ecosystem and evolutionary stability include rare species? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:191–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, A. I. 1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for paleobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14:91–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, A. I., and Foote, M. 1996. Calibrating the Ordovician radiation of marine life: implications for Phanerozoic diversity trends. Paleobiology 22:304–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, P. J., Ivany, L. C., Schopf, K. M., and Brett, C. E. 1995. The challenge of paleoecological stasis: reassessing sources of evolutionary stability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:11269–11273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, E. C. 1952. The evolution of a Permian vertebrate chronofauna. Evolution 6:181–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overpeck, J. T., Webb, R. S., and Webb, T. III. 1992. Mapping eastern North American vegetation change of the past 18 ka: no-analogs and the future. Geology 20:1071–1074.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1965. Biomere—a new kind of biostratigraphic unit. Journal of Paleontology 39:149–153.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1984. The biomere problem: evolution of an idea. Journal of Paleontology 58:599–611.Google Scholar
Patzkowsky, M. E. 1994. Coordinated stasis in Middle and Upper Ordovician brachiopod biofacies in the eastern United States. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 26:A455.Google Scholar
Patzkowsky, M. E. 1995a. Gradient analysis of Middle Ordovician brachiopod biofacies: Biostratigraphic, biogeographic, and macroevolutionary implications. Palaios 10:154–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patzkowsky, M. E. 1995b. A hierarchical branching model of evolutionary radiations. Paleobiology 21:440–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patzkowsky, M. E., and Holland, S. M. 1993. Biotic response to a Middle Ordovician paleoceanographic event in eastern North America. Geology 21:619–622.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patzkowsky, M. E., and Holland, S. M. 1996. Extinction, invasion, and sequence stratigraphy: patterns of faunal change in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the eastern United States. In Witzke, B. J., Ludvigson, G. A. and Day, J. E., eds. Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy: Views from the North American Craton. Geological Society of America Special Paper 306:131–142. Boulder, Colo.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, J. K. 1982. Some silicified strophomenacean brachiopods from the Ordovician of Kentucky, with comments on the genus Pionomena. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1066-L:1–30.Google Scholar
Pope, M. C., and Read, J. F. 1997. The Lexington Limestone (Late Middle Ordovician) Kentucky, U. S. A. A cool water carbonate-clastic ramp in a tectonically active foreland basin. In James, N. P. and Clarke, J., eds. Cool-water Carbonates. SEPM Special Publication No. 56:419–437. Tulsa, Okla.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1991a. Extinction: bad genes or bad luck? Norton, New York.Google ScholarPubMed
Raup, D. M. 1991b. The future of analytical paleobiology. In Gilinsky, N. L. and Signor, P. W., ed. Analytical Paleobiology: Short Courses in Paleontology Number 4:207–21. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tenn.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1991c. A kill curve for Phanerozoic marine species. Paleobiology 17:37–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raup, D. M. 1996. Extinction models. Pp. 419–433in Jablonski, D., Erwin, D. H., and Lipps, J. H., ed. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., and Cocks, L. R. M. 1994. True Strophomena and a revision of the classification and evolution of strophomenoid and ‘strophodontoid’ brachiopods. Palaeontology 37:651–694.Google Scholar
Roy, K., Jablonski, D., and Valentine, J. W. 1995. Thermally anomalous assemblages revisited. Geology 23:1071–1074.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saltzman, M. R., Davidson, J. P., Holden, P., Runnegar, B., and Lohman, K. C. 1995. Sea-level-driven changes in ocean chemistry at an Upper Cambrian extinction horizon. Geology 23:893–896.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schopf, K. M. 1996. Coordinated stasis: biofacies revisited and the conceptual modeling of whole-fauna dynamics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:157–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1991. A model of onshore-offshore change in faunal diversity. Paleobiology 17:58–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Koch, C. F. 1996. Evaluating paleontologic data relating to bio-events. Pp. 21–34in Walliser, O. H., ed. Global events and event stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic. Springer, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 1992. Patterns of synecology during the Phanerozoic. Pp. 103–118in Dudley, E. C., ed. The unity of biology 1. Discorides, Portland, Ore.Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 1996. A new look at ecologic-evolutionary units (EEUs). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:21–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springer, D. A., and Bambach, R. K. 1985. Gradient versus cluster analysis of fossil assemblages: a comparison from the Ordovician of southwestern Virginia. Lethaia 18:181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springer, D. A., and Miller, A. I. 1990. Levels of spatial variability: the “community” problem. In Miller, William I., ed. Paleocommunity temporal dynamics: the long-term development of multispecies assemblies. Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 5:13–30. Knoxville, Tenn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1990. The general correlation between rate of speciation and rate of extinction: fortuitous causal linkages. Pp. 103–127in Allmon, W. D. and Ross, R., eds. Causes of evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Stanton, R. J., and Dodd, J. R. 1994. Neogene benthic communities of the northeast Pacific: stability punctuated by abrupt evolutionary and community turnover events. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 26:A454.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1984. Graphic correlation of upper Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks, North American Midcontinent Province, U.S.A. Pp. 23–35in Bruton, D. L., ed. Aspects of the Ordovician System. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1988. Mohawkian and Cincinnatian chronostratigraphy. New York State Museum Bulletin 462:84–90.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., and Bergström, S. M. 1986. Conodonts and biostratigraphic correlation. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Sciences 14:85–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, C. M., and Bottjer, D. J. 1996. Long-term faunal stasis without evolutionary coordination: Jurassic benthic marine communities, Western Interior, United States. Geology 24:815–818.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, R. D. 1992. U-Pb dating of plinian-eruption ashfalls by the isotope dilution method: a reliable and precise tool for time-scale calibration and biostratigraphic correlation. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 24:A198.Google Scholar
Tucker, R. D., and McKerrow, W. S. 1995. Early Paleozoic chronology: a review in light of new U-Pb zircon ages from Newfoundland and Britain. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32:368–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W., and Jablonski, D. 1993. Fossil communities: compositional variation at many time scales. Pp. 341–349in Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D., eds. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1985. Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. South African Journal of Science 81:229–236.Google Scholar
Walliser, O. H. 1996. Global events and event stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic. Springer, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westrop, S. R. 1996. Temporal persistence and stability of Cambrian biofacies: Sunwaptan (Upper Cambrian) trilobite faunas of North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, R. H. 1970. Communities and ecosystems. Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Williams, A., and Wright, A. 1965. Orthida. Pp. H299–H359in Moore, R. C., ed. Brachiopoda. Part H of Moore, R. C., ed. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kans.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. W. Jr. 1949. Pre-Chattanooga stratigraphy in central Tennessee. Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin 56:1–407.Google Scholar
Yule, G. U. 1924. A mathematical theory of evolution, based on the conclusions of Dr. J. C. Willis, F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 213:21–87.Google Scholar