Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-glrdx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T16:50:22.288Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolutionary dynamics of gastropod size across the end-Permian extinction and through the Triassic recovery interval

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Jonathan L. Payne
Jonathan L. Payne*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. E-mail: jpayne@fas.harvard.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A global database of gastropod sizes from the Permian through the Middle Triassic documents trends in gastropod shell size and permits tests of the suggestion that Early Triassic gastropods were everywhere unusually small. Analysis of the database shows that no specimens of unambiguous Early Triassic age larger than 2.6 cm have been reported, in contrast to common 5–10-cm specimens of both Permian and Middle Triassic age. The loss of large gastropods is abrupt even at a fine scale of stratigraphic resolution, whereas the return of larger individuals in the Middle Triassic appears gradual when finely resolved. Taphonomic and sampling biases do not adequately explain the absence of large Early Triassic gastropods. Examination of size trends by genus demonstrates that the size decrease across the Permian/Triassic boundary is compatible with both size-selective extinction at the species level and anagenetic size change within lineages. Size increase in the Middle Triassic resulted from the origination of large species within genera that have Early Triassic fossil records and the occurrence of new genera containing large species during the Middle Triassic. Genera recorded from the Permian and Middle Triassic but not the Early Triassic (“Lazarus taxa”) do not contribute to observed size increase in the Middle Triassic. Moreover, Lazarus taxa lack large species and exhibit low species richness during both the Permian and the Middle Triassic, suggesting that they survived as small, rare forms rather than existing at large sizes in Early Triassic refugia. The ecological opportunities and selective pressures that produced large gastropods during most intervals of the Phanerozoic evidently did not operate in Early Triassic oceans. Whether this reflects low predation or competitive pressure, r-selection facilitated by high primary production, or physical barriers to large size remains poorly understood.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , Spring 2005 , pp. 269 - 290
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Literature Cited

Alroy, J. 1998. Cope's rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals. Science 280:731–734.Google Scholar
Arnold, A. J., Kelly, D. C., and Parker, W. C. 1995. Causality and Cope's rule: evidence from the planktonic foraminifera. Journal of Paleontology 69:203–210.Google Scholar
Atudorei, N.-V. 1999. Constraints on the Upper Permian to Upper Triassic marine carbon isotope curve: case studies from the Tethys. . University of Lausanne, Lausanne.Google Scholar
Atudorei, V., and Baud, A. 1997. Carbon isotope events during the Triassic. Albertiana 20:45–49.Google Scholar
Bambach, R. K., Knoll, A. H., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 2002. Anatomical and physiological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:6854–6859.Google Scholar
Batten, R. L. 1958. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States, Part 2. Pleurotomariacea, Portlockiellidae, Phymatopleuridae, and Eotomariidae. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin 114:153–246.Google Scholar
Batten, R. L. 1973. The vicissitudes of the Gastropoda during the interval of Guadalupian-Ladinian time. Pp. 596–607in Logan, A. and Hills, L. V., eds. The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.Google Scholar
Baud, A., Atudorei, V., and Sharp, Z. D. 1996. Late Permian and Early Triassic evolution of the Northern Indian margin: carbon isotope and sequence stratigraphy. Geodinamica Acta 9:57–77.Google Scholar
Baud, A., Cirilli, S., and Marcoux, J. 1997. Biotic response to mass extinction: the lowermost Triassic microbialites. Facies 36:238–242.Google Scholar
Boucher, P., Lozouet, P., Maestrati, P., and Heros, V. 2002. Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75:421–436.Google Scholar
Boyd, D. W., and Newell, N. D. 1972. Taphonomy and diagenesis of a Permian fossil assemblage from Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 46:1–14.Google Scholar
Loriga, C. Broglio, Neri, C., Pasini, M., and Posenato, R. 1986. Marine fossil assemblages from Upper Permian to lowermost Triassic in the western Dolomites (Italy). Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 34:5–44.Google Scholar
Brown, W. L., and Wilson, E. O. 1956. Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 5:49–64.Google Scholar
Erwin, D. H. 1988. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States: Subulitacea. Journal of Paleontology 62:56–69.Google Scholar
Erwin, D. H. 1996. Understanding biotic recoveries: extinction, survival, and preservation during the end-Permian mass extinction. Pp. 398–418in Erwin, D. H., Jablonski, D., and Lipps, J. H., eds. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Erwin, D. H., and Droser, M. L. 1993. Elvis taxa. Palaios 8:623–624.Google Scholar
Erwin, D. H., and Pan, H. 1996. Recoveries and radiations: gastropods after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Pp. 223–229in Hart, M. B., ed. Biotic recovery from mass extinction events. Geological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
Flügel, E. 1985. Diversity and environments of Permian and Triassic Dasycladacean algae. Pp. 344–351in Toomey, D. F. and Nitecki, M. H., eds. Paleoalgology: contemporary research and applications. Springer, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flügel, E. 1994. Pangean shelf carbonates: controls and paleoclimatic significance of Permian and Triassic reefs. In Klein, G. D., ed. Pangea: paleoclimate, tectonics, and sedimentation during accretion, zenith, and breakup of a supercontinent. Geological Society of America Boulder Special Paper 288:247–266. Colo.Google Scholar
Fraiser, M. L., and Bottjer, D. J. 1999. Microgastropods as opportunists during the biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 31:472.Google Scholar
Fraiser, M. L., and Bottjer, D. J. 2004. The non-actualistic Early Triassic gastropod fauna: a case study of the Lower Triassic Sinbad Limestone Member. Palaios 19:259–275.Google Scholar
Gingerich, P. D. 1983. Rates of evolution: effects of time and temporal scaling. Science 222:159–161.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Grant, P. R. 1986. Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Handford, M. 1987. Where's Waldo? Little Brown, New York.Google Scholar
Horacek, M., Abart, R., and Brandner, R. 2001. Carbon isotope record of the Permo/Triassic boundary and the Lower Triassic. Pp. 10–11in Wanek, W., Richter, A., Wiener, S., and Hood, R., eds. Third Viennese workshop on stable isotopes in biological and environmental Sciences, Vienna. University of Vienna, Vienna.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa-Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals. American Naturalist 93:145–159.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1986. Causes and consequences of mass extinctions: a comparative approach. Pp. 183–229in Elliott, D. K., ed. Dynamics of extinction. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1996. Body size and macroevolution. Pp. 256–289in Erwin, D. H., Jablonski, D., and Lipps, J. H., eds. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Flessa, K. W. 1986. The taxonomic structure of shallow-water marine faunas: implications for Phanerozoic extinctions. Malacologia 27:43–66.Google Scholar
Jin, Y. G., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Shang, Q. H., Cao, C. Q., and Erwin, D. H. 2000. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in south China. Science 289:432–436.Google Scholar
Kauffman, E. G., and Erwin, D. H. 1995. Surviving mass extinctions. Geotimes 40:14–17.Google Scholar
Kershaw, S., Zhang, T., and Lan, G. 1999. A ?microbialite carbonate crust at the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China, and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 146:1–18.Google Scholar
Kershaw, S., Guo, L., Swift, A., and Fan, J. S. 2002. Microbialites in the Permian-Triassic boundary interval in Central China: structure, age and distribution. Facies 47:83–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidder, D. L., and Erwin, D. H. 2001. Secular distribution of biogenic silica through the Phanerozoic: comparison of silica-replaced fossils and bedded cherts at the series level. Journal of Geology 109:509–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidwell, S. M. 2001. Preservation of species abundance in marine death assemblages. Science 294:1091–1094.Google Scholar
Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Canfield, D. E., and Grotzinger, J. P. 1996. Comparative Earth history and Late Permian mass extinction. Science 273:452–457.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, M., Dulai, A., and Fürsich, F. T. 1998. A fossil record full of holes: the Phanerozoic history of drilling predation. Geology 26:1091–1094.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, M., Simões, M. G., Torello, F. F., Mello, L. H. C., and Ghilardi, R. P. 2000. Drill holes in shells of Permian benthic invertebrates. Journal of Paleontology 74:532–543.Google Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J. 1999. Early Triassic calcimicrobial mounds and biostromes of the Nanpanjiang basin, south China. Geology 27:359–362.Google Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J., Payne, J. L., Felix, S. V., Dillett, P. M., Wang, H., Youyi, Y., and Wei, J. 2003. Permian-Triassic boundary sections from shallow-marine carbonate platforms of the Nanpanjiang Basin, south China. Palaios 18:138–152.Google Scholar
Magaritz, M., and Holser, W. T. 1991. The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria): carbon and oxygen isotope variation. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 45:149–163.Google Scholar
Oji, T., Ogaya, C., and Sato, T. 2003. Increase of shell-crushing predation recorded in fossil shell fragmentation. Paleobiology 29:520–526.Google Scholar
Oliver, W. A. 1980. On the relationship between Rugosa and Scleractinia (summary). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 25:395–402.Google Scholar
Pan, H., and Erwin, D. H. 1994. Gastropod diversity patterns in south China during the Chihsia-Ladinian and their mass extinction. Paleoworld 4:249–259.Google Scholar
Pan, H., and Erwin, D. H. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology Memoir 56:1–49.Google Scholar
Payne, J. L., Lehrmann, D. J., Wei, J., Orchard, M. J., Schrag, D. P., and Knoll, A. H. 2004. Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian extinction. Science 305:506–509.Google Scholar
Powell, E. N., and Stanton, R. J. 1985. Estimating biomass and energy flow of molluscs in palaeo-communities. Palaeontology 28:1–34.Google Scholar
Pruss, S., Fraiser, M. L., and Bottjer, D. J. 2004. Proliferation of Early Triassic wrinkle structures: implications for environmental stress following the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 32:461–464.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1979. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science 206:217–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riedel, P., and Senowbari-Daryan, B. 1991. Pharetronids in Triassic reefs. Pp. 465–476in Reitner, J. and Keupp, H., eds. Fossil and Recent sponges. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Rodland, D. L., and Bottjer, D. J. 2001. Biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: behavior of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula as a disaster taxon. Palaios 16:95–101.Google Scholar
Rong, J. Y., and Shen, S. Z. 2002. Comparative analysis of the end-Permian and end-Ordovician brachiopod mass extinctions and survivals in South China. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 188:25–38.Google Scholar
Sano, H., and Nakashima, K. 1997. Lowermost Triassic (Griesbachian) microbial bindstone-cementstone fades, southwest Japan. Facies 36:1–24.Google Scholar
Schmidt, D. N., Thierstein, H. R., Bollmann, J., and Schiebel, R. 2004. Abiotic forcing of plankton evolution in the Cenozoic. Science 303:207–210.Google Scholar
Schubert, J. K., and Bottjer, D. J. 1992. Early Triassic stromatolites as post-mass extinction disaster forms. Geology 20:883–886.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubert, J. K., and Bottjer, D. J. 1995. Aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event: paleoecology of Lower Triassic carbonates in the western USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116:1–39.Google Scholar
Schubert, J. K., Kidder, D. L., and Erwin, D. H. 1997. Silica-replaced fossils through the Phanerozoic. Geology 25:1031–1034.Google Scholar
Shen, S., and Shi, G. R. 1996. Diversity and extinction patterns of Permian Brachiopoda of South China. Historical Biology 12:93–110.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M., and Yang, X. 1994. A double mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic era. Science 266:1340–1344.Google Scholar
Twitchett, R. J. 1999. Paleoenvironments and faunal recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154:27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twitchett, R. J. 2001. Incompleteness of the Permian-Triassic fossil record: a consequence of productivity decline? Geological Journal 36:341–353.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1973. Evolutionary paleoecology of the marine biosphere. Prentice Hall, Englewood, N.J.Google Scholar
Walker, S., and Brett, C. E. 2002. Post-Paleozoic patterns in marine predation: was there a Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine predatory revolution? Paleontological Society Papers 8:119–193.Google Scholar
Wignall, P. B., and Benton, M. J. 1999. Lazarus taxa and fossil abundance at times of biotic crisis. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156:453–456.Google Scholar
Wignall, P. B., and Hallam, A. 1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 93:21–46.Google Scholar
Woods, A. D., Bottjer, D. J., Mutti, M., and Morrison, J. 1999. Lower Triassic large sea-floor carbonate cements: their origin and a mechanism for the prolonged recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 27:645–648.Google Scholar
Yochelson, E. L. 1956. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States. 1. Euomphalacea, Trochonematacea, Pseudophoracea, Anomphalacea, Craspedostomatacea, and Platyceratacea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 110:173–276.Google Scholar
Yochelson, E. L., Boyd, D. W., and Wardlaw, B. 1985. Redescription of Bellerophon bittneri (Gastropoda: Triassic) from Wyoming. Contributions to Geology 23:99–104.Google Scholar