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The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2016

THOMAS J. TEMPLETON ,
ELLEN MARTINSEN ,
MORAKOT KAEWTHAMASORN  and
OSAMU KANEKO
THOMAS J. TEMPLETON
Affiliation:
Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, New York 10021, USA
ELLEN MARTINSEN
Affiliation:
Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
MORAKOT KAEWTHAMASORN
Affiliation:
The Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
OSAMU KANEKO*
Affiliation:
Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. E-mail: okaneko@nagasaki-u.ac.jp
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Summary

Over a hundred years since their first description in 1913, the sparsely described malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) of ungulates have been rediscovered using molecular typing techniques. In the span of weeks, three studies have appeared describing the genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of malaria parasites from African antelope (Cephalophus spp.) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Here we unify the contributions from those studies with the literature on pre-molecular characterizations of ungulate malaria parasites, which are largely based on surveys of Giemsa-reagent stained blood smears. We present a phylogenetic tree generated from all available ungulate malaria parasite sequence data, and show that parasites from African duiker antelope and goat, Asian water buffalo and New World white-tailed deer group together in a clade, which branches early in Plasmodium evolution. Anopheline mosquitoes appear to be the dominant, if not sole vectors for parasite transmission. We pose questions for future phylogenetic studies, and discuss topics that we hope will spur further molecular and cellular studies of ungulate malaria parasites.

Keywords

malariaungulatesruminantsHaemosporidiaApicomplexamalaria parasites
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 12 , October 2016 , pp. 1501 - 1508
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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