Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 43
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Kalantari, Parisa 2018. The Emerging Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Malaria. Vaccines, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, p. 13.
    Moreira, Diana Estaquier, Jérôme Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela and Silvestre, Ricardo 2018. Metabolic Interaction in Infection. Vol. 109, Issue. , p. 421.
    Costa, Allyson Guimarães Ramasawmy, Rajendranath Val, Fernando Fonseca Almeida Ibiapina, Hiochelson Najibe Santos Oliveira, Amanda Carvalho Tarragô, Andréa Monteiro Garcia, Nadja Pinto Heckmann, Maria Izabel Ovellar Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo Malheiro, Adriana and Lacerda, Marcus Vinícius Guimarães 2018. Polymorphisms in TLRs influence circulating cytokines production in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Cytokine,
    Nair, Sethu C. Xu, Ruixue Pattaradilokrat, Sittiporn Wu, Jian Qi, Yanwei Zilversmit, Martine Ganesan, Sundar Nagarajan, Vijayaraj Eastman, Richard T. Orandle, Marlene S. Tan, John C. Myers, Timothy G. Liu, Shengfa Long, Carole A. Li, Jian and Su, Xin-zhuan 2017. A Plasmodium yoelii HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates parasite growth and virulence. Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,
    Cai, Liming Tuncer, Necibe and Martcheva, Maia 2017. How does within-host dynamics affect population-level dynamics? Insights from an immuno-epidemiological model of malaria. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, Vol. 40, Issue. 18, p. 6424.
    Costa, Allyson Guimarães Ramasawmy, Rajendranath Ibiapina, Hiochelson Najibe Santos Sampaio, Vanderson Souza Xábregas, Lilyane Amorim Brasil, Larissa Wanderley Tarragô, Andréa Monteiro Almeida, Anne Cristine Gomes Kuehn, Andrea Vitor-Silva, Sheila Melo, Gisely Cardoso Siqueira, André Machado Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo Lacerda, Marcus Vinicius Guimarães Malheiro, Adriana and Carvalho, Luzia Helena 2017. Association of TLR variants with susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria and parasitemia in the Amazon region of Brazil. PLOS ONE, Vol. 12, Issue. 8, p. e0183840.
    Soni, Rani Sharma, Drista Rai, Praveen Sharma, Bhaskar and Bhatt, Tarun K. 2017. Signaling Strategies of Malaria Parasite for Its Survival, Proliferation, and Infection during Erythrocytic Stage. Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 8, Issue. ,
    Xue, Junxin Jiang, Wei Chen, Yongjun Gong, Fengju Wang, Minyan Zeng, Peng Xia, Can Wang, Quan and Huang, Kehe 2017. Thioredoxin reductase from Toxoplasma gondii: an essential virulence effector with antioxidant function. The FASEB Journal, Vol. 31, Issue. 10, p. 4447.
    Starkl Renar, Katarina Iskra, Jernej and Križaj, Igor 2016. Understanding malarial toxins. Toxicon, Vol. 119, Issue. , p. 319.
    Mandala, W. L. Msefula, C. L. Gondwe, E. N. Drayson, M. T. Molyneux, M. E. and MacLennan, C. A. 2016. Monocyte activation and cytokine production in Malawian children presenting with P. falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunology, Vol. 38, Issue. 5, p. 317.
    Chang, Bo Kim, Seon Lee, Mi Park, Hyun and Kim, Sung 2015. Improved Chemotherapeutic Activity by Morus alba Fruits through Immune Response of Toll-Like Receptor 4. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 16, Issue. 10, p. 24139.
    Wu, J. Tian, L. Yu, X. Pattaradilokrat, S. Li, J. Wang, M. Yu, W. Qi, Y. Zeituni, A. E. Nair, S. C. Crampton, S. P. Orandle, M. S. Bolland, S. M. Qi, C.-F. Long, C. A. Myers, T. G. Coligan, J. E. Wang, R. and Su, X.-z. 2014. Strain-specific innate immune signaling pathways determine malaria parasitemia dynamics and host mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue. 4, p. E511.
    Martins Braga, Érika and Carvalho-Tavares, Juliana 2013. Malaria. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function, Vol. 5, Issue. 3, p. 1.
    Ramakrishnan, Srinivasan Serricchio, Mauro Striepen, Boris and Bütikofer, Peter 2013. Lipid synthesis in protozoan parasites: A comparison between kinetoplastids and apicomplexans. Progress in Lipid Research, Vol. 52, Issue. 4, p. 488.
    Martins, Yuri Chaves and Daniel-Ribeiro, Cláudio Tadeu 2013. A new hypothesis on the manifestation of cerebral malaria: The secret is in the liver. Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 81, Issue. 5, p. 777.
    Jain, Kunal Sood, Sumeet and Gowthamarajan, K. 2013. Modulation of cerebral malaria by curcumin as an adjunctive therapy. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 17, Issue. 5, p. 579.
    Tsai, Yu-Hsuan Liu, Xinyu and Seeberger, Peter H. 2012. Chemical Biology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 51, Issue. 46, p. 11438.
    2012. Parasitology. p. 375.
    Tsai, Yu-Hsuan Liu, Xinyu and Seeberger, Peter H. 2012. Chemische Biologie der Glycosylphosphatidylinosit-Anker. Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 124, Issue. 46, p. 11604.
    Ahmad, Jamil Niazi, Umar Mansoor, Sajid Siddique, Umair Bibby, Jaclyn and Semsey, Szabolcs 2012. Formal Modeling and Analysis of the MAL-Associated Biological Regulatory Network: Insight into Cerebral Malaria. PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, Issue. 3, p. e33532.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Get access
    Add to cart USD35.00
    Check if you have access via personal or institutional login
    Log in Register Recommend to librarian

Stimulation of innate immune responses by malarial glycosylphosphatidylinositol via pattern recognition receptors

  • T. NEBL (a1), M. J. DE VEER (a1) and L. SCHOFIELD (a1)
Abstract

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of Plasmodium falciparum is thought to function as a critical toxin that contributes to severe malarial pathogenesis by eliciting the production of proinflammatory responses by the innate immune system of mammalian hosts. Analysis of the fine structure of P. falciparum GPI suggests a requirement for the presence of both core glycan and lipid moieties in the recognition and signalling of parasite glycolipids by host immune cells. It has been demonstrated that GPI anchors of various parasitic protozoa can mediate cellular immune responses via members of the Toll-like family of pattern recognition receptors (TLRs). Recent studies indicate that GPI anchors of P. falciparum and other protozoa are preferentially recognized by TLR-2, involving the MyD88-dependent activation of specific signalling pathways that mediate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide from host macrophages in vitro. However, the contribution of malaria GPI toxin to severe disease syndromes and the role of specific TLRs or other pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity in vivo is only just beginning to be characterized. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying severe malarial pathogenesis may yet lead to substantial new insights with important implications for the development of novel therapeutics for malaria treatment.

Copyright
© 2005 Cambridge University Press
Corresponding author
The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Victoria 3050, Australia. Phone: (613) 9345 2474 Fax: (613) 9347 0852. E-mail:schofield@wehi.edu.au
References
Hide All

REFERENCES

ADACHI, K., TSUTSUI, H., KASHIWAMURA, S., SEKI, E., NAKANO, H., TAKEUCHI, O., TAKEDA, K., OKUMURA, K., VAN KAER, L., OKAMURA, H., AKIRA, S. & NAKANISHI, K. ( 2001). Plasmodium berghei infection in mice induces liver injury by an IL-12- and toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent mechanism. Journal of Immunlogy 167, 5928–5934.
AKIRA, S. & TAKEDA, K. ( 2004). Toll-like receptor signalling. Nature Reviews Immunology 4, 499–511.
AL YAMAN, F. M., MOKELA, D., GENTON, B., ROCKETT, K. A., ALPERS, M. P. & CLARK, I. A. ( 1996). Association between serum levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates and coma in children with cerebral malaria in Papua New Guinea. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 270–273.
ALMEIDA, I. C., CAMARGO, M. M., PROCOPIO, D. O., SILVA, L. S., MEHLERT, A., TRAVASSOS, L. R., GAZZINELLI, R. T. & FERGUSON, M. A. ( 2000). Highly purified glycosylphosphatidylinositols from Trypanosoma cruzi are potent proinflammatory agents. EMBO Journal 19, 1476–1485.
ALMEIDA, I. C. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 2001). Proinflammatory activity of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors derived from Trypanosoma cruzi: structural and functional analyses. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 70, 467–477.
AMANI, V., VIGARIO, A. M., BELNOUE, E., MARUSSIG, M., FONSECA, L., MAZIER, D. & RENIA, L. ( 2000). Involvement of IFN-gamma receptor-medicated signaling in pathology and anti-malarial immunity induced by Plasmodium berghei infection. European Journal of Immunology 30, 1646–1655.
ANDERSON, R. G. & JACOBSON, K. ( 2002). A role for lipid shells in targeting proteins to caveolae, rafts, and other lipid domains. Science 296, 1821–1825.
BELLAMY, R., RUWENDE, C., MCADAM, K. P., THURSZ, M., SUMIYA, M., SUMMERFIELD, J., GILBERT, S. C., CORRAH, T., KWIATKOWSKI, D., WHITTLE, H. C. & HILL, A. V. ( 1998). Mannose binding protein deficiency is not associated with malaria, hepatitis B carriage nor tuberculosis in Africans. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 91, 13–18.
BENTING, J., RIETVELD, A., ANSORGE, I. & SIMONS, K. ( 1999). Acyl and alkyl chain length of GPI-anchors is critical for raft association in vitro. FEBS Letters 462, 47–50.
BERENDT, A. R., SIMMONS, D. L., TANSEY, J., NEWBOLD, C. I. & MARSH, K. ( 1989). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule for Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 341, 57–59.
BOUTLIS, C. S., GOWDA, D. C., NAIK, R. S., MAGUIRE, G. P., MGONE, C. S., BOCKARIE, M. J., LAGOG, M., IBAM, E., LORRY, K. & ANSTEY, N. M. ( 2002). Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols: inverse association with tolerance of parasitemia in Papua New Guinean children and adults. Infection and Immunity 70, 5052–5057.
BROWN, D. A. & LONDON, E. ( 2000). Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 17221–17224.
CAMARGO, M. M., ALMEIDA, I. C., PEREIRA, M. E., FERGUSON, M. A., TRAVASSOS, L. R. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 1997 a). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes initiate the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Journal of Immunology 158, 5890–5901.
CAMARGO, M. M., ANDRADE, A. C., ALMEIDA, I. C., TRAVASSOS, L. R. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 1997 b). Glycoconjugates isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi but not from Leishmania species membranes trigger nitric oxide synthesis as well as microbicidal activity in IFN-gamma-primed macrophages. Journal of Immunology 159, 6131–6139.
CAMBI, A. & FIGDOR, C. G. ( 2003). Dual function of C-type lectin-like receptors in the immune system. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 15, 539–546.
CAMBI, A., GIJZEN, K., DE VRIES, J. M., TORENSMA, R., JOOSTEN, B., ADEMA, G. J., NETEA, M. G., KULLBERG, B. J., ROMANI, L. & FIGDOR, C. G. ( 2003). The C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) is an antigen-uptake receptor for Candida albicans on dendritic cells. European Journal of Immunology 33, 532–538.
CAMPOS, M. A., ALMEIDA, I. C., TAKEUCHI, O., AKIRA, S., VALENTE, E. P., PROCOPIO, D. O., TRAVASSOS, L. R., SMITH, J. A., GOLENBOCK, D. T. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 2001). Activation of Toll-like receptor-2 by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from a protozoan parasite. Journal of Immunology 167, 416–423.
CAMPOS, M. A., CLOSEL, M., VALENTE, E. P., CARDOSO, J. E., AKIRA, S., ALVAREZ-LEITE, J. I., ROPERT, C. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 2004). Impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and host resistance to acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice lacking functional myeloid differentiation factor 88. Journal of Immunology 172, 1711–1718.
CHANG, W. L., JONES, S. P., LEFER, D. J., WELBOURNE, T., SUN, G., YIN, L., SUZUKI, H., HUANG, J., GRANGER, D. N. & VAN DER HEYDE, H. C. ( 2001). CD8(+)-T-cell depletion ameliorates circulatory shock in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Infection and Immunity 69, 7341–7348.
CHEN, M., AOSAI, F., NOROSE, K., MUN, H. S., TAKEUCHI, O., AKIRA, S. & YANO, A. ( 2002). Involvement of MyD88 in host defense and the down-regulation of anti-heat shock protein 70 autoantibody formation by MyD88 in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice. Journal of Parasitology 88, 1017–1019.
CHEN, Q., SCHLICHTHERLE, M. & WAHLGREN, M. ( 2000). Molecular aspects of severe malaria. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, 439–450.
COBAN, C., ISHII, K. J., KAWAI, T., HEMMI, H., SATO, S., UEMATSU, S., YAMAMOTO, M., TAKEUCHI, O., ITAGAKI, S., KUMAR, N., HORII, T. & AKIRA, S. ( 2005). Toll-like receptor 9 mediates innate immune activation by the malaria pigment hemozoin. Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, 19–25.
CUSCHIERI, J., UMANSKIY, K. & SOLOMKIN, J. ( 2004). PKC-zeta is essential for endotoxin-induced macrophage activation. Journal of Surgical Research 121, 76–83.
DAVIDSON, E. A. & GOWDA, D. C. ( 2001). Glycobiology of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochimie 83, 601–604.
DE SOUZA, J. B. & RILEY, E. M. ( 2002). Cerebral malaria: the contribution of studies in animal models to our understanding of immunopathogenesis. Microbes and Infection 4, 291–300.
DE VEER, M. J., CURTIS, J. M., BALDWIN, T. M., DIDONATO, J. A., SEXTON, A., MCCONVILLE, M. J., HANDMAN, E. & SCHOFIELD, L. ( 2003). MyD88 is essential for clearance of Leishmania major: possible role for lipophosphoglycan and Toll-like receptor 2 signalling. European Journal of Immunology 33, 2822–2831.
DEBIERRE-GROCKIEGO, F., AZZOUZ, N., SCHMIDT, J., DUBREMETZ, J. F., GEYER, H., GEYER, R., WEINGART, R., SCHMIDT, R. R. & SCHWARZ, R. T. ( 2003). Roles of glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Toxoplasma gondii. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in macrophages. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 32987–32993.
DELORENZI, M., SEXTON, A., SHAMS-ELDIN, H., SCHWARZ, R. T., SPEED, T. & SCHOFIELD, L. ( 2002). Genes for glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and Immunity 70, 4510–4522.
EISENHABER, B., BORK, P. & EISENHABER, F. ( 2001). Post-translational GPI lipid anchor modification of proteins in kingdoms of life: analysis of protein sequence data from complete genomes. Protein Engineering 14, 17–25.
EZEKOWITZ, R. A., SASTRY, K., BAILLY, P. & WARNER, A. ( 1990). Molecular characterization of the human macrophage mannose receptor: demonstration of multiple carbohydrate recognition-like domains and phagocytosis of yeasts in Cos-1 cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, 1785–1794.
FERGUSON, M. A., BRIMACOMBE, J. S., COTTAZ, S., FIELD, R. A., GUTHER, L. S., HOMANS, S. W., MCCONVILLE, M. J., MEHLERT, A., MILNE, K. G., RALTON, J. E. & et al. ( 1994). Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol molecules of the parasite and the host. Parasitology 108 (Suppl.) S45–S54.
FRIEDRICHSON, T. & KURZCHALIA, T. V. ( 1998). Microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins in living cells revealed by crosslinking. Nature 394, 802–805.
GADJEVA, M., TAKAHASHI, K. & THIEL, S. ( 2004). Mannan-binding lectin–a soluble pattern recognition molecule. Molecular Immunology 41, 113–121.
GARRED, P., NIELSEN, M. A., KURTZHALS, J. A., MALHOTRA, R., MADSEN, H. O., GOKA, B. Q., AKANMORI, B. D., SIM, R. B. & HVIID, L. ( 2003). Mannose-binding lectin is a disease modifier in clinical malaria and may function as opsonin for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 71, 5245–5253.
GEROLD, P., DIECKMANN-SCHUPPERT, A. & SCHWARZ, R. T. ( 1994). Glycosylphosphatidylinositols synthesized by asexual erythrocytic stages of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Candidates for plasmodial glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor precursors and pathogenicity factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 2597–2606.
GOWDA, D. C., GUPTA, P. & DAVIDSON, E. A. ( 1997). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors represent the major carbohydrate modification in proteins of intraerythrocytic stage Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 6428–6439.
GRAU, G. E., FAJARDO, L. F., PIGUET, P. F., ALLET, B., LAMBERT, .H. & VASSALLI, P. ( 1987). Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) as an essential mediator in murine cerebral malaria. Science 237, 1210–1212.
GRAU, G. E., HEREMANS, H., PIGUET, P. F., POINTAIRE, P., LAMBERT, P. H., BILLIAU, A. & VASSALLI, P. ( 1989 a). Monoclonal antibody against interferon gamma can prevent experimental cerebral malaria and its associated overproduction of tumor necrosis factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86, 5572–5574.
GRAU, G. E., POINTAIRE, P., PIGUET, P. F., VESIN, C., ROSEN, H., STAMENKOVIC, I., TAKEI, F. & VASSALLI, P. ( 1991). Late administration of monoclonal antibody to leukocyte function-antigen 1 abrogates incipient murine cerebral malaria. European Journal of Immunology 21, 2265–2267.
GRAU, G. E., TAYLOR, T. E., MOLYNEUX, M. E., WIRIMA, J. J., VASSALLI, P., HOMMEL, M. & LAMBERT, P. H. ( 1989 b). Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine 320, 1586–1591.
GREEN, P. J., FEIZI, T., STOLL, M. S., THIEL, S., PRESCOTT, A. & MCCONVILLE, M. J. ( 1994). Recognition of the major cell surface glycoconjugates of Leishmania parasites by the human serum mannan-binding protein. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 66, 319–328.
HANSEN, D. S., SIOMOS, M. A., BUCKINGHAM, L., SCALZO, A. A. & SCHOFIELD, L. ( 2003). Regulation of murine cerebral malaria pathogenesis by CD1d-restricted NKT cells and the natural killer complex. Immunity 18, 391–402.
HAWN, T. R., OZINSKY, A., UNDERHILL, D. M., BUCKNER, F. S., AKIRA, S. & ADEREM, A. ( 2002). Leishmania major activates IL-1 alpha expression in macrophages through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Microbes and Infection 4, 763–771.
HENNEKE, P., TAKEUCHI, O., VAN STRIJP, J. A., GUTTORMSEN, H. K., SMITH, J. A., SCHROMM, A. B., ESPEVIK, T. A., AKIRA, S., NIZET, V., KASPER, D. L. & GOLENBOCK, D. T. ( 2001). Novel engagement of CD14 and multiple toll-like receptors by group B streptococci. Journal of Immunology 167, 7069–7076.
HOREJSI, V., CEBECAUER, M., CERNY, J., BRDICKA, T., ANGELISOVA, P. & DRBAL, K. ( 1998). Signal transduction in leucocytes via GPI-anchored proteins: an experimental artefact or an aspect of immunoreceptor function? Immunology Letters 63, 63–73.
HORNG, T., BARTON, G. M., FLAVELL, R. A. & MEDZHITOV, R. ( 2002). The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors. Nature 420, 329–333.
JACOBSON, K. & DIETRICH, C. ( 1999). Looking at lipid rafts? Trends in Cell Biology 9, 87–91.
JENNINGS, V. M., ACTOR, J. K., LAL, A. A. & HUNTER, R. L. ( 1997). Cytokine profile suggesting that murine cerebral malaria is an encephalitis. Infection and Immunity 65, 4883–4887.
KANZAKI, M., MORA, S., HWANG, J. B., SALTIEL, A. R. & PESSIN, J. E. ( 2004). Atypical protein kinase C (PKCzeta/lambda) is a convergent downstream target of the insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and TC10 signaling pathways. Journal of Cell Biology 164, 279–290.
KASAHARA, K. & SANAI, Y. ( 2000). Functional roles of glycosphingolipids in signal transduction via lipid rafts. Glycoconjugates Journal 17, 153–162.
KLABUNDE, J., UHLEMANN, A. C., TEBO, A. E., KIMMEL, J., SCHWARZ, R. T., KREMSNER, P. G. & KUN, J. F. ( 2002). Recognition of Plasmodium falciparum proteins by mannan-binding lectin, a component of the human innate immune system. Parasitology Research 88, 113–117.
KOCH, O., AWOMOYI, A., USEN, S., JALLOW, M., RICHARDSON, A., HULL, J., PINDER, M., NEWPORT, M. & KWIATKOWSKI, D. ( 2002). IFNGR1 gene promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Journal of Infectious Diseases 185, 1684–1687.
KRISHNEGOWDA, G. & GOWDA, D. C. ( 2003). Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum incorporates extraneous fatty acids into its lipids without any structural modification. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 132, 55–58.
KRISHNEGOWDA, G., HAJJAR, A. M., ZHU, J., DOUGLASS, E. J., UEMATSU, S., AKIRA, S., WOODS, A. S. & GOWDA, D. C. ( 2005). Induction of proinflammatory responses in macrophages by the glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum: cell signalling receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) structural requirement, and regulation of GPI activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 8606–8616.
LATZ, E., SCHOENEMEYER, A., VISINTIN, A., FITZGERALD, K. A., MONKS, B. G., KNETTER, C. F., LIEN, E., NILSEN, N. J., ESPEVIK, T. & GOLENBOCK, D. T. ( 2004). TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome. Nature Immunology 5, 190–198.
LUCAS, R., JUILLARD, P., DECOSTER, E., REDARD, M., BURGER, D., DONATI, Y., GIROUD, C., MONSO-HINARD, C., DE KESEL, T., BUURMAN, W. A., MOORE, M. W., DAYER, J. M., FIERS, W., BLUETHMANN, H. & GRAU, G. E. ( 1997). Crucial role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and membrane-bound TNF in experimental cerebral malaria. European Journal of Immunology 27, 1719–1725.
LUND, J. M., ALEXOPOULOU, L., SATO, A., KAROW, M., ADAMS, N. C., GALE, N. W., IWASAKI, A. & FLAVELL, R. A. ( 2004). Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, USA, 101, 5598–5603.
LYKE, K. E., BURGES, R., CISSOKO, Y., SANGARE, L., DAO, M., DIARRA, I., KONE, A., HARLEY, R., PLOWE, C. V., DOUMBO, O. K. & SZTEIN, M. B. ( 2004). Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-12(p70) in Malian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and matched uncomplicated malaria or healthy controls. Infection and Immunity 72, 5630–5637.
MAGEZ, S., STIJLEMANS, B., RADWANSKA, M., PAYS, E., FERGUSON, M. A. & DE BAETSELIER, P. ( 1998). The glycosyl-inositol-phosphate and dimyristoylglycerol moieties of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant-specific surface glycoprotein are distinct macrophage-activating factors. Journal of Immunology 160, 1949–1956.
MAYOR, S. & RIEZMAN, H. ( 2004). Sorting GPI-anchored proteins. Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology 5, 110–120.
MCCONVILLE, M. J. & FERGUSON, M. A. ( 1993). The structure, biosynthesis and function of glycosylated phosphatidylinositols in the parasitic protozoa and higher eukaryotes. Biochemical Journal 294, 305–324.
MCCONVILLE, M. J. & MENON, A. K. ( 2000). Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids (review). Molecular Membrane Biology 17, 1–16.
MCGETTRICK, A. F. & O'NEILL, L. A. ( 2004). The expanding family of MyD88-like adaptors in Toll-like receptor signal transduction. Molecular Immunology 41, 577–582.
MCGUIRE, W., HILL, A. V., ALLSOPP, C. E., GREENWOOD, B. M. & KWIATKOWSKI, D. ( 1994). Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 371, 508–510.
MILLER, L. H., BARUCH, D. I., MARSH, K. & DOUMBO, O. K. ( 2002). The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature 415, 673–679.
MITAMURA, T., HANADA, K., KO-MITAMURA, E. P., NISHIJIMA, M. & HORII, T. ( 2000). Serum factors governing intraerythrocytic development and cell cycle progression of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology International 49, 219–229.
MURAILLE, E., DE TREZ, C., BRAIT, M., DE BAETSELIER, P., LEO, O. & CARLIER, Y. ( 2003). Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptibility to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response. Journal of Immunology 170, 4237–4241.
NAGAI, Y., SHIMAZU, R., OGATA, H., AKASHI, S., SUDO, K., YAMASAKI, H., HAYASHI, S., IWAKURA, Y., KIMOTO, M. & MIYAKE, K. ( 2002). Requirement for MD-1 in cell surface expression of RP105/CD180 and B-cell responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. Blood 99, 1699–1705.
NAIK, R. S., BRANCH, O. H., WOODS, A. S., VIJAYKUMAR, M., PERKINS, D. J., NAHLEN, B. L., LAL, A. A., COTTER, R. J., COSTELLO, C. E., OCKENHOUSE, C. F., DAVIDSON, E. A. & GOWDA, D. C. ( 2000). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of Plasmodium falciparum: molecular characterization and naturally elicited antibody response that may provide immunity to malaria pathogenesis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 192, 1563–1576.
O'NEILL, L. A. ( 2003). The role of MyD88-like adapters in Toll-like receptor signal transduction. Biochemical Society Transactions 31, 643–647.
PFEIFFER, A., BOTTCHER, A., ORSO, E., KAPINSKY, M., NAGY, P., BODNAR, A., SPREITZER, I., LIEBISCH, G., DROBNIK, W., GEMPEL, K., HORN, M., HOLMER, S., HARTUNG, T., MULTHOFF, G., SCHUTZ, G., SCHINDLER, H., ULMER, A. J., HEINE, H., STELTER, F., SCHUTT, C., ROTHE, G., SZOLLOSI, J., DAMJANOVICH, S. & SCHMITZ, G. ( 2001). Lipopolysaccharide and ceramide docking to CD14 provokes ligand-specific receptor clustering in rafts. European Journal of Immunology 31, 3153–3164.
PICHYANGKUL, S., YONGVANITCHIT, K., KUM-ARB, U., HEMMI, H., AKIRA, S., KRIEG, A. M., HEPPNER, D. G., STEWART, V. A., HASEGAWA, H., LOOAREESUWAN, S., SHANKS, G. D. & MILLER, R. S. ( 2004). Malaria blood stage parasites activate human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and murine dendritic cells through a Toll-like receptor 9-dependent pathway. Journal of Immunology 172, 4926–4933.
POLTORAK, A., HE, X., SMIRNOVA, I., LIU, M. Y., VAN HUFFEL, C., DU, X., BIRDWELL, D., ALEJOS, E., SILVA, M., GALANOS, C., FREUDENBERG, M., RICCIARDI-CASTAGNOLI, P., LAYTON, B. & BEUTLER, B. ( 1998). Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282, 2085–2088.
RINGWALD, P., PEYRON, F., VUILLEZ, J. P., TOUZE, J. E., LE BRAS, J. & DELORON, P. ( 1991). Levels of cytokines in plasma during Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29, 2076–2078.
ROPERT, C., ALMEIDA, I. C., CLOSEL, M., TRAVASSOS, L. R., FERGUSON, M. A., COHEN, P. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 2001). Requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and I kappa B phosphorylation for induction of proinflammatory cytokines synthesis by macrophages indicates functional similarity of receptors triggered by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from parasitic protozoa and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Immunology 166, 3423–3431.
ROPERT, C., FERREIRA, L. R., CAMPOS, M. A., PROCOPIO, D. O., TRAVASSOS, L. R., FERGUSON, M. A., REIS, L. F., TEIXEIRA, M. M., ALMEIDA, I. C. & GAZZINELLI, R. T. ( 2002). Macrophage signaling by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins derived from Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Microbes and Infection 4, 1015–1025.
SCANGA, C. A., ALIBERTI, J., JANKOVIC, D., TILLOY, F., BENNOUNA, S., DENKERS, E. Y., MEDZHITOV, R. & SHER, A. ( 2002). Cutting edge: MyD88 is required for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection and regulates parasite-induced IL-12 production by dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology 168, 5997–6001.
SCHOFIELD, L., GEROLD, P., SCHWARZ, R. T. & TACHADO, S. ( 1994). Signal transduction in host cells mediated by glycosylphosphatidylinositols of the parasitic protozoa, or why do the parasitic protozoa have so many GPI molecules? Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 27, 249–254.
SCHOFIELD, L. & HACKETT, F. ( 1993). Signal transduction in host cells by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of malaria parasites. Journal of Experimental Medicine 177, 145–153.
SCHOFIELD, L., HEWITT, M. C., EVANS, K., SIOMOS, M. A. & SEEBERGER, P. H. ( 2002). Synthetic GPI as a candidate anti-toxic vaccine in a model of malaria. Nature 418, 785–789.
SCHOFIELD, L., NOVAKOVIC, S., GEROLD, P., SCHWARZ, R. T., MCCONVILLE, M. J. & TACHADO, S. D. ( 1996). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of Plasmodium up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin expression in vascular endothelial cells and increases leukocyte and parasite cytoadherence via tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction. Journal of Immunology 156, 1886–1896.
SCHOFIELD, L., VILLAQUIRAN, J., FERREIRA, A., SCHELLEKENS, H., NUSSENZWEIG, R. & NUSSENZWEIG, V. ( 1987). Gamma interferon, CD8+ T cells and antibodies required for immunity to malaria sporozoites. Nature 330, 664–666.
SCHOFIELD, L., VIVAS, L., HACKETT, F., GEROLD, P., SCHWARZ, R. T. & TACHADO, S. ( 1993). Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to glycosylphosphatidylinositol, the dominant TNF-alpha-inducing toxin of Plasmodium falciparum: prospects for the immunotherapy of severe malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 87, 617–626.
SCHROEDER, R. J., AHMED, S. N., ZHU, Y., LONDON, E. & BROWN, D. A. ( 1998). Cholesterol and sphingolipid enhance the Triton X-100 insolubility of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins by promoting the formation of detergent-insoluble ordered membrane domains. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 1150–1157.
SHARMA, P., VARMA, R., SARASIJ, R. C., IRA, gousset, K., KRISHNAMOORTHY, G., RAO, M. & MAYOR, S. ( 2004). Nanoscale organization of multiple GPI-anchored proteins in living cell membranes. Cell 116, 577–589.
SILEGHEM, M., SAYA, R., GRAB, D. J. & NAESSENS, J. ( 2001). An accessory role for the diacylglycerol moiety of variable surface glycoprotein of African trypanosomes in the stimulation of bovine monocytes. Veterinary Immunology Immunopathology 78, 325–339.
SIMONS, K. & TOOMRE, D. ( 2000). Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology 1, 31–39.
SUGUITAN, A. L., GOWDA, D. C., FOUDA, G., THUITA, L., ZHOU, A., DJOKAM, R., METENOU, S., LEKE, R. G. & TAYLOR, D. W. ( 2004). Lack of association between antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols and malaria-associdated placental changes in Cameroonian women with preterm and full-term deliveries. Infection and Immunity 72, 5267–5273.
STEVENSON, M. M. & RILEY, E. M. ( 2004). Innate immunity to malaria. Nature Reviews Immunology 4, 169–180.
TACHADO, S. D., GEROLD, P., MCCONVILLE, M. J., BALDWIN, T., QUILICI, D., SCHWARZ, R. T. & SCHOFIELD, L. ( 1996). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of Plasmodium induces nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages and vascular endothelial cells by a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent and protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway. Journal of Immunology 156, 1897–1907.
TACHADO, S. D., GEROLD, P., SCHWARZ, R., NOVAKOVIC, S., MCCONVILLE, M. & SCHOFIELD, L. ( 1997). Signal transduction in macrophages by glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania: activation of protein tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C by inositolglycan and diacylglycerol moieties. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, USA 94, 4022–4027.
TACHADO, S. D. & SCHOFIELD, L. ( 1994). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of Trypanosoma brucei regulates IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha expression in macrophages by protein tyrosine kinase mediated signal transduction. Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communications 205, 984–991.
TAKEDA, K., KAISHO, T. & AKIRA, S. ( 2003). Toll-like receptors. Annual Review of Immunology 21, 335–376.
TAKEDA, K., TAKEUCHI, O. & AKIRA, S. ( 2002). Recognition of lipopeptides by Toll-like receptors. Journal of Endotoxin Research 8, 459–463.
TRIANTAFILOU, K., TRIANTAFILOU, M. & DEDRICK, R. L. ( 2001 a). A CD14-independent LPS receptor cluster. Nature Immunology 2, 338–345.
TRIANTAFILOU, K., TRIANTAFILOU, M., LADHA, S., MACKIE, A., DEDRICK, R. L., FERNANDEZ, N. & CHERRY, R. ( 2001 b). Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching reveals that LPS rapidly transfers from CD14 to hsp70 and hsp90 on the cell membrane. Journal of Cell Science 114, 2535–2545.
TRIANTAFILOU, M., MIYAKE, K., GOLENBOCK, D. T. & TRIANTAFILOU, K. ( 2002). Mediators of innate immune recognition of bacteria concentrate in lipid rafts and facilitate lipopolysaccharide-induced cell activation. Journal of Cell Science 115, 2603–2611.
TRIANTAFILOU, M. & TRIANTAFILOU, K. ( 2002). Lipopolysaccharide recognition: CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster. Trends in Immunology 23, 301–304.
VARMA, R. & MAYOR, S. ( 1998). GPI-anchored proteins are organized in submicron domains at the cell surface. Nature 394, 798–801.
VIJAYKUMAR, M., NAIK, R. S. & GOWDA, D. C. ( 2001). Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol-induced TNF-alpha secretion by macrophages is mediated without membrane insertion or endocytosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 6909–6912.
WHITE, N. J. & HO, M. ( 1992). The pathophysiology of malaria. Advances in Parasitology. 31, 83–173.
WRIGHT, S. D., RAMOS, R. A., TOBIAS, P. S., ULEVITCH, R. J. & MATHISON, J. C. ( 1990). CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science 249, 1431–1433.
YAMAMOTO, M., SATO, S., HEMMI, H., HOSHINO, K., KAISHO, T., SANJO, H., TAKEUCHI, O., SUGIYAMA, M., OKABE, M., TAKEDA, K. & AKIRA, S. ( 2003 a). Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301, 640–643.
YAMAMOTO, M., SATO, S., HEMMI, H., SANJO, H., UEMATSU, S., KAISHO, T., HOSHINO, K., TAKEUCHI, O., KOBAYASHI, M., FUJITA, T., TAKEDA, K. & AKIRA, S. ( 2002). Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4. Nature 420, 324–329.
YAMAMOTO, M., SATO, S., HEMMI, H., UEMATSU, S., HOSHINO, K., KAISHO, T., TAKEUCHI, O., TAKEDA, K. & AKIRA, S. ( 2003 b). TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway. Nature Immunology 4, 1144–1150.
ZHU, J., KRISHNEGOWDA, G. & GOWDA, D. C. ( 2005). Induction of proinflammatory responses in macrophages by the glycophosphatidylinositols (GPIs) of Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 8617–8627.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

Parasitology
  • ISSN: 0031-1820
  • EISSN: 1469-8161
  • URL: /core/journals/parasitology
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×

Keywords:

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 7
Total number of PDF views: 48 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 315 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Cancel
Confirm
×