Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-12T10:26:06.684Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Microcoulomb Experiment

Charges Smaller Than The Electronic Charge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2022

Felix Ehrenhaft
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The present paper deals with the determination of the size and charge of a single submicroscopic particle, measured in a small horizontal condenser of a diameter of approximately 8 mm., using the author's method first stated April 1910. To obtain the highest sensitivity, author used solid particles (spheres) of an order of magnitude under 3 × 10–5 cm. and found charges less than that of the electron. Various objections were raised against his findings, namely that the particles investigated were not spheres, and that their density was not that of the macroscopic substance, so that his findings of charges less than the electronic charge were merely imaginary. The author has succeeded in precipitating and measuring a particle after having observed it in the condenser under normal and also very high gas pressures. The particles were shown to be perfect spheres. A new method is indicated whereby it is possible to determine the size of sub-microscopic spheres by pushing together two equal spheres with a micromanipulator; the two diffraction disks overlap and render it very easy to determine the actual size. It is also possible to show that the density of each individual sphere is that of the macroscopic substance, since it can be computed easily from the velocity of fall at high gas pressures (according to Stokes' law). These two data being accurately determined, the author still found charges considerably less than the electronic charge, and the deviations are too great to be accounted for by errors of observation. The reason that the author has used a solid substance (red amorphous Se) and not oil, which is a liquid, was in the first place, that liquids evaporate, and therefore do not yield correct results, and secondly, because liquid spheres are not certain to preserve their sphericity when precipitated. Thus charges less than that of the electron are to be considered as actually existing.

Type
Research Article
Information
Philosophy of Science , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , July 1941 , pp. 403 - 457
Copyright
Copyright © The Philosophy of Science Association 1941

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Akad. Anzeiger 4, III, 1909.Google Scholar
2. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Akad. Anzeiger 21, IV, 1910.Google Scholar
3. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Akad. Anzeiger 12, V, 1910; and Wiener Berichte (IIa) 119, 815, 1910.Google Scholar
4. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 11, 619, 1910.Google Scholar
5. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 11, 940, 1910.Google Scholar
6. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 12, 94, 1911.Google Scholar
7. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 12, 261, 1911.Google Scholar
8. Ehrenhaft, F.: Verhandl. d. deutschen Phys. Ges. 15, 1187, 1913.Google Scholar
9. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Akad. Anzeiger 4, XII, 1913.Google Scholar
10. Ehrenhaft, F.: Verhandl. d. deutschen Phys. Ges. 15, 1350, 1913.Google Scholar
11. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Akad. Anzeiger 19, II, 1914.Google Scholar
12. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 123, 53, 1914.Google Scholar
13. Ehrenhaft, F.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 44, 657, 1914.10.1002/andp.19143491302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschrift 15, 952, 1914.Google Scholar
15. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschrift 16, 227, 1915.Google Scholar
16. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschrift 18, 352, 1917.Google Scholar
17. Ehrenhaft, F.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 56, 1, 1918.Google Scholar
18. Millikan, R. A.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 11, 1097, 1910.Google Scholar
19. Millikan, R. A.: Phys. Rev. 31, 92, 1910.Google Scholar
20. Millikan, R. A.: Phys. Rev. 32, 349, 1911.Google Scholar
21. Millikan, R. A. u. Fletcher, H.: Physikal. Zeitsch. 12, 161, 1911.Google Scholar
22. Millikan, R. A.: Phys. Rev. 2, 109, 1913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Millikan, R. A.: Phys. Rev. 1, 79, 1913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Millikan, R. A.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 14, 796, 1913.Google Scholar
25. Millikan, R. A.: Phys. Rev. 8, 595, 1916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Millikan, R. A.: Annalen d. Physik 50, 729, 1916.10.1002/andp.19163551502CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Millikan, R. A.: Phil. Mag. 6, 199, 1917.Google Scholar
28. Cp. Nr. 15 page 229.Google Scholar
29. Cunningham, E.: Proceed. Roy. Soc. London A 83, 357, 1910.Google Scholar
30. Knudsen, M. and Weber, S.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 36, 981, 1911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Schidlof, A. and Murczjnowska, J.: Arch. Sc. phys. nat. 40, 386 and 486, 1915.Google Scholar
32. Ishida, Y.: Physical Review 21, 561, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Ishida, Y., Fukushima, I. and Suetsugu, T.: Sc. Pap. Inst. of Phys. and Chem. Res., Tokyo, 32, 57, 1937.Google Scholar
34. Ishida, Y.: Sc. Pap. Inst. of Phys. and Chem. Res., Tokyo, 32, 233, 1937.Google Scholar
35. Cp. Epstein, P.S.: Phys. Rev. 23, 710, 1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Zerner, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 16, 10, 1915.Google Scholar
37. Parankiewicz, Irene: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 126, 1276, 1917.Google Scholar
38. Przibram, K.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 11, 630, 1910.Google Scholar
39. Przibram, K.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 119, 869, 1910.Google Scholar
40. Przibram, K.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 12, 62 and 260, 1911.Google Scholar
41. Przibram, K.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 120, 49, 1911.Google Scholar
42. Regener, E.: Physikal. Zeitsch. 12, 135, 1911.Google Scholar
43. Joffé, A.: Physikal. Zeitsch. 12, 268, 1911.Google Scholar
44. Przibram, K.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 120, 639, 1911.Google Scholar
45. Weiss, E.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 12, 630, 1911.Google Scholar
46. Weiss, E.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 120, 1021, 1911.Google Scholar
47. Przibram, K.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 13, 106, 1912.Google Scholar
48. Przibram, K.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 121, 949, 1912.Google Scholar
49. Mayer, A.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 121, 1097, 1912.Google Scholar
50. Mayer, A.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 13, 754, 1912.Google Scholar
51. Roux, J.: Ann. de Ch. et de Phys. 39, 69, 1913.Google Scholar
52. Marg, Vogl: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 122, 1885, 1913.Google Scholar
53. Lee, J.: Phys. Rev. (2) 4, 420, 1914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54. Konstantinowsky, D.: Wiener Ber. (IIa) 123, 1697, 1914.Google Scholar
55. Konstantinowsky, D.: Ann. d. Physik (4) 46, 261, 1914.Google Scholar
56. Konstantinowsky, D.: Ann. d. Physik (4) 48, 57, 1915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57. Ehrenhaft, F. and Wasser, E.: Philos. Mag. 2, 30, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physik. Zeitschr. 27, 859, 1926.Google Scholar
59. Schidlof, A. u. Karpowicz, A.: Comptes Rend. 158, 1992, 1914.Google Scholar
60. Schidlof, A. u. Karpowicz, A.: Physik. Zeitschr. 16, 42, 1915.Google Scholar
61. Schidlof, A.: Physik. Zeitschr. 16, 373, 1915.Google Scholar
62. Targonski, A.: Comptes Rend. 161, 778, 1915.Google Scholar
63. Targonski, A.: Actes Soc. Helv. Sc. Genève, Sept. 1915, p. 128.Google Scholar
64. Schidlof, A. u. Karpowicz, A.: Arch. Genève 41, Fev. 1916.Google Scholar
65. Targonski, A.: Arch. Sc. Genève 41, 189 and 269 and 357, 1916.Google Scholar
66. Targonski, A.: Arch. Sc. Genève (4) 43, 283, 1916.Google Scholar
67. Schidlof, A.: Arch. Sc. Genève (4) 43, 217, 1917.Google Scholar
68. Snethlage, A.: Amsterdam Proc. 19, 1006, 1917.Google Scholar
69. Parankiewicz, Irene: Physikal. Zeitschr. 18, 567, 1917.Google Scholar
70. Parankiewicz, Irene: Physikal. Zeitschr. 20, 75, 1919.Google Scholar
71. Rie, E.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 63, 759, 1920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72. Radel, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 3, 63, 1920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73. Radel, E.: Verhandl. d. dtsch. Phys. Ges. (3) 1, 72, 1920.Google Scholar
74. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 21, 675, 1920.Google Scholar
75. Fürth, R.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 3, 422, 1920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76. Ehrenhaft, F. u. Konstantinowsky, D.: Annalen d. Physik 63, 773, 1920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77. Wolter, K.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 6, 339, 1921.10.1007/BF01327995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78. Fürth, R.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 7, 406, 1921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79. König, M.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 11, 253, 1922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80. Wasser, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 27, 203, 1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81. Wasser, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 27, 226,1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82. Taubes, S.: Annalen d. Physik 76, 629, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83. Mattauch, J.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 32, 439, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84. Sexl, Th.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 26, 371, 1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85. Sexl, Th.: Phys. Rev. 26, 92, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86. Mattauch, J.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 37, 803, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87. Reiss, M: Zeitschr. f. Physik 39, 631, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88. Mattauch, J.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 40, 551, 1927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89. Ehrenhaft, F.: Phil.-Mag. 49, 633, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90. Regener, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 39, 247, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91. Sanzenbacher, R.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 39, 251, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92. Derieux, J.: Phys. Rev. 11, 203, 1918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93. Scharf, K.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 49, 827, 1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94. Hake, M.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 15, 110, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95. Nestle, R.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 77, 174, 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96. Schäfer, K.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 77, 198, 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97. Lustig, A. and Reiss, M.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 79, 696, 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98. Nestle, R. and Schäfer, K.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 81, 700, 1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99. Cp. Nr. 5 page 952.Google Scholar
100. Regener, E.: Berliner Ber. 32, 362, 1920.Google Scholar
101. Langmuir, I.: Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc. 40, 1361, 1918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102. Paneth, F.: Zeitschr. f. Physikal. Chemie 101, 445 a. 480, 1922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103. Cp. Sexl, Th.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 16, 40, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104. Schmidt, G. C.: Zeitschr. f. physik. Chemie 108, 128, 1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105. Durau, F.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 37, 419, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106. Reinganum, M.: Verhandl. d. dtsch. Phys. Ges. Jahrg. 1910 p. 1025.Google Scholar
107. Meyer, E. and Gerlach, W.: Elster-Geitel-Festschr. 1915 p. 196.Google Scholar
108. Parankiewicz, Irene: Physikal. Zeitschr. 19, 280, 1918.Google Scholar
109. Bär, R.: Arch. Genève (5) 1, 237, 1919.Google Scholar
110. Bär, R.: Annalen d. Physik 59, 393, 1919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
111. Bär, R.: Verhandl. d. Schw. Naturf. Ges. 100 Jahresvers. Lugano, II. Teil p. 82, 1920.Google Scholar
112. Bär, R. and Luchsinger, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 22, 225, 1921.Google Scholar
113. Bär, R.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 22, 615, 1921.Google Scholar
114. Bär, R.: Arch. Genève (5) 3, 325, 1921.Google Scholar
115. Bär, R.: Naturwiss. 10, 322, 1922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116. Bär, R.: Naturwiss. 10, 344, 1922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117. Bär, R.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 67, 157, 1922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118. Cp.: Ehrenhaft, F.: Naturw. 10, 1922, Heft 45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
119. Wasser, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 45, 561, 1927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
120. Mattauch, J.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 25, 620, 1924.Google Scholar
121. Trebitsch, H.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 39, 607, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122. Ehrenhaft, F.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 37, 816, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123. Feiner, H.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 59, 731, 1930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124. Virtel, S.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 59, 771, 1930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125. Slopkovitzer, M.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 59, 754, 1930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126. Trauner, O.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 46, 237, 1927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127. Ehrenhaft, F. and Wasser, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 37, 820, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
128. Reiss, M.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 39, 623, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129. Ehrenhaft, F.: Estratto dagli Atti del Congresso Internationale dei Fisici, Como, Sept. 1927 (5) N. Zanichelli, Bologna 1928.Google Scholar
130. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 33, 673, 1932.Google Scholar
131. Ehrenhaft, F.: Congrès International de l'Electricité Paris 1932, Iresection, commun. Nr. O–C.Google Scholar
132. Cp. Michels, A. and Gibson, R. O.: Proc. Roy. Soc. London (A) 134, 288, 1931.Google Scholar
133. Wasser, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 78, 492, 1932; and F. Ehrenhaft: Zeitschr. f. Physik 80, 402, 1933.Google Scholar
134. See Nr. 12 plate III.Google Scholar
135. Ehrenhaft, F.: Naturwiss. 23, 70, 1935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
136. Ehrenhaft, F.: Comptes Rendus 203, 850, 1936.Google Scholar
137. Gans, R.: Annalen d. Physik Vol. 78, 1925.Google Scholar
138. Spenke, E.: Annalen d. Physik 1, 7, 1929.Google Scholar
139. Perrin, J.: Die Atome, 1911.Google Scholar
140. Ehrenhaft, F.: Comptes rendus 204, 39, 1937; Reunion Intern. de Physique-Chimie-Biologie Paris 1937, p. 57.Google Scholar
141. Rayleigh, Lord: Phil. Mag. (5) 12, 81, 1881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
142. Thomson, J. J.: Rec. Res. in El. and Magn. 1893, p. 437.Google Scholar
143. Ehrenhaft, F.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 5, 387, 1904.Google Scholar
144. Mie, G.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 25, 377, 1908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
145. Debye, P.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 30, 57, 1909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
146. Laski, Gerda: Physikal. Zeitschr. 19, 369, 1918.Google Scholar
147. Mattauch, J.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 129, 867, 1920.Google Scholar
148. Konstantinowsky, D.: Annalen d. Physik (4) 46, 261, 1915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
149. Laski, Gerda: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 126, 601, 1917.Google Scholar
150. Laski, Gerda: Annalen d. Physik (4) 53, Heft 9, p. 1, 1917.Google Scholar
151. Schmid, E.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 129, 813, 1920.Google Scholar
152. Parankiewicz, Irene: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 127, 1445, 1918.Google Scholar
153. Parankiewicz, Irene: Annalen d. Physik (4) 57, 489, 1918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
154. Cp. Schmid, E.: Zeitschr. f. Physik 5, 30, 1921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
155. Sexl, Th.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 132, 139, 1923.Google Scholar
156. McKeehan, L. W. and Zeleny, J.: Physikal. Zeitschr. 11, 78, 1910; McKeehan, L. W.: Phys. Rev. 323, 153, 1911, Physik. Zeitschr. 12, 707, 1911.Google Scholar
157. Ehrenhaft, F.: Wiener Berichte (IIa) 118 March 1909.Google Scholar
158. Broglie, M. de: Physik. Zeitschrift. 11, 1910.Google Scholar
159. Ehrenhaft, F.: Ann. de Phys. (Paris) 13, 151, 1940.Google Scholar
160. Ehrenhaft, F.: Journ. Frankl. Instit. 230, 381, 1940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The author wants to indicate the following papers concerning the problem treated in this paper, without, however, claiming completeness.Google Scholar
Arendt, P. and Kallinann, H.: Zeitschr. f. Phys. 35, 421, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäcklin, E. and Flemberg, H.: Nature 137, 655, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkowitsch, A.: Helv. Phys. Acta 6, 259, 1933; and 7, 170, 1934.Google Scholar
Chapman, S.: Physics 5, 150, 1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daecke, H.: Physik. Zeitschr. 25, 624, 1924; Zeitschr. f. Phys. 31, 552, 1925 and 36, 143, 1926.Google Scholar
Eglin, J. M.: Phys. Rev. (2), 22, 161, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehlers, W.: Dissert. Hamburg 1921.Google Scholar
Ehrenhaft, F.: C. R. Paris 158, 1071, 1914; Kolloidzeitschr. 31, 239, 1922; Zeitschr. f. Phys. 39, 603, 1926; and 45, 557, 1927 and 41, 708, 1927.Google Scholar
Ehrenhaft, F. and Konstantinowsky, K.: Ann. d. Phys. 58, 199, 1919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenhaft, F. and Wasser, E.: Phil. Mag. 5, 225, 1928; Zeitschr. f. Phys. 59, 727, 1930.Google Scholar
Fletcher, H.: Physik. Zeitschr. 16, 316, 1915.Google Scholar
Fürth, R.: Verh. d. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 21, 517, 1919.Google Scholar
Gerlach, W.: Verh. d. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 24, XI, 1916.Google Scholar
Guye, Ch. E.: Arch. Sc. Genève 39, 190, 1915 and 41, 66, 1916.Google Scholar
Hauer, F. v.: Ann. d. Phys. 61, 303, 1920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jäger, G.: Wiener Ber. (IIa) 122, 969, 1913 and 123, 867, 1914.Google Scholar
Joffé, A.: Münchner Akad. Ber. 19, 1913.Google Scholar
Kellström, G.: Nature 136, 682, 1935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, P. and Kreiss, B.: Zeitschr. f. Phys. 32, 384, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
König, W.: Naturwiss. 5, Heft 23 and 30, 1917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konstantinowsky, K.: Physik. Zeitschr. 16, 369, 1915; Ann. d. Phys. 49, 881, 1916; Naturwiss. 6, Heft 29, 30, 32, 33, 1918.Google Scholar
Lampa, A.: Wissen f. Alle 29, I, 1911.Google Scholar
Lassalle, L. I.: Phys. Rev. (2) 17, 354, 1921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, E. I.: Phil. Mag. (7), 1, 499, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunn, A. C.: Phys. Rev. 34, 478, 1912 and 35, 227, 1912.Google Scholar
Lustig, A. and Reiss, M.: Zeitschr. f. Phys. 84, 131, 1933; Physik. Zeitschr. 35, 340, 1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mende, J.: Mathem. es Phys. Lapok Budapest Jahrg. 1915 S. 181.Google Scholar
Meyer, E.: Ann. d. Phys. 57, 628, 1918.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. and Gerlach, W.: Ann. d. Phys. (4), 45, 177, 1914 and 47, 227, 1915, and 48, 718, 1915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millikan, R. A.: Transact. Am. Electrochem. Soc. 21, 185, 1912; Phys. Rev. 34, 398, 1912; The Electron, The University of Chicago Press 1918 and a second edition; Phys. Rev. 22, 1, 1923 and 35, 1231, 1930.Google Scholar
Millikan, R. A. and Fletcher, H.: Phil. Mag. 21, 753, 1911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mönch, G.: Physik. Zeitschr. 34, 77, 1933.Google Scholar
Perrin, J.: C. R. Paris, 152, 1165, 1168, 1911.Google Scholar
Petschalski, T.: C. R. Paris, 49, 185, 1927.Google Scholar
Placzek, G.: Zeitschr. f. Phys. 55, 81, 1929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohl, R.: Jahrb. f. Radioakt u. Elektronik 8, 406, 1911.Google Scholar
Pokorski, L.: Journ. Russ. phys.-chem. Ges. 44, 340, 1912.Google Scholar
Ray, Satiendra: Ann. d. Phys. 77, 99, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regener, E.: Naturwiss. 11, 17, 1923 and 14, 219, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohmann, H.: Zeitschr. f. Phys. 17, 253, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roux, J.: C. R.Paris, 152, 1168, 1911 and 155, 1490, 1912.Google Scholar
Schidlof, A.: C. R., Genève, 35, 61, 63, 1918.Google Scholar
Schidlof, A. and Maliniak, St.: C. R. Genève, 36, 22, 1919.Google Scholar
Schidlof, A. and Murczynowska, : C. R. Genève 156, 304, 1913.Google Scholar
Schiller, L.: Zeitschr. f. Phys. 14, 6, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, E.: Physik. Zeitschr. 22, 438, 1921.Google Scholar
Schrödinger, E.: Physik. Zeitschr. 16, 289, 1915.Google Scholar
Sitte, K.: Physik. Zeitschr. 34, 473, 1933 and 35, 345, 1934.Google Scholar
Smoluchowski, M.: Physik. Zeitschr. 16, 318, 375, 1915.Google Scholar
Whitlaw-Gray, R. and Patterson, H. S.: Smoke, Edw. Arnold & Co., London 1932.Google Scholar
Yang, Yü Chen: Ann. d. Phys. 76, 33, 1925.Google Scholar
Zerner, F.: Physik. Zeitschr. 17, 165, 1916.Google Scholar
Cf. Nature, London, Aug. 11, 1910, p. 182, and Jan. 19, 1911, p. 383.Google Scholar