Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T13:49:37.571Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Vowel dispersion and Kazakh labial harmony

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2018

Adam G. McCollum*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
*

Abstract

This paper uses novel data showing gradient labial harmony in Kazakh to compare Kaun's (1995) feature-based analysis with a dispersion-based analysis in a Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar. The paper demonstrates that the dispersion-based analysis better fits the Kazakh data than Kaun's analysis, and then extends it to account for four languages with harmony patterns different from that in Kazakh. The paper also argues that the dispersion-based account provides a better analysis of the typology of labial harmony than Kaun's feature-based analysis.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am particularly grateful to the Kazakh speakers who have shared so much of their time, language and culture with me. This work emerged from my master's thesis at the University of Florida, and has been greatly improved through discussions with Eric Baković, Marc Garellek, Brent Henderson, Jaye Padgett, Sharon Rose, Ratree Wayland and Caroline Wiltshire, as well as the careful comments from three anonymous reviewers and the editors. Additionally, I received many helpful comments from the audiences at the 2015 CUNY Phonology Forum, Tu+1, UC Santa Cruz's Phlunch and SCAMP 2016, where earlier versions of this work were presented. Any errors are my own.

References

Abramson, Arthur S. & Ren, Nianqi (1990). Distinctive vowel length: duration vs. spectrum in Thai. JPh 18. 7992.Google Scholar
Abuov, Zhoumaghaly (1994). The phonetics of Kazakh and the theory of synharmonism. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 88. 3953.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, W. A. (1972). Duration as a cue in the recognition of synthetic vowels. JASA 51. 648651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, Torben (1999). Vowel harmony and vowel alternation in Mayak (Western Nilotic). Studies in African Linguistics 28. 129.Google Scholar
Andersen, Torben (2007). Kurmuk phonology. Studies in African Linguistics 36. 2990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anttila, Arto (1997). Deriving variation from grammar. In Hinskens, Frans, van Hout, Roeland & Wetzels, W. Leo (eds.) Variation, change and phonological theory. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins. 3568.Google Scholar
Archangeli, Diana & Pulleyblank, Douglas (2007). Harmony. In de Lacy, Paul (ed.) The Cambridge handbook of phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 353378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balakaev, M. B. (1962). Sovremennyj Kazakhskij jazyk: fonetika i morfologija. Alma-Ata: Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoj SSR.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jill N. (1997). Positional faithfulness, positional neutralisation and Shona vowel harmony. Phonology 14. 146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, David C. (1968). Spectral form and duration as cues in the recognition of English and German vowels. Language and Speech 11. 6585.Google Scholar
Boer, Bart de (2000). Self-organization in vowel systems. JPh 28. 441465.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Hamann, Silke (2008). The evolution of auditory dispersion in bidirectional constraint grammars. Phonology 25. 217270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Hayes, Bruce (2001). Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. LI 32. 4586.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Pater, Joe (2016). Convergence properties of a Gradual Learning Algorithm for Harmonic Grammar. In McCarthy, John J. & Pater, Joe (eds.) Harmonic Grammar and Harmonic Serialism. London: Equinox. 389434.Google Scholar
Burnham, Kenneth P. & Anderson, David R. (2004). Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods and Research 33. 261304.Google Scholar
Cho, Taehong (2001). Effects of morpheme boundaries on intergestural timing: evidence from Korean. Phonetica 58. 129162.Google Scholar
Clements, George N. & Sezer, Engin (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In van der Hulst, Harry & Smith, Norval (eds.) The structure of phonological representations. Part 2. Dordrecht: Foris. 213255.Google Scholar
Coetzee, Andries W. & Pater, Joe (2011). The place of variation in phonological theory. In Goldsmith et al. (2011). 401–434.Google Scholar
Cole, Jennifer & Kisseberth, Charles (1994). An optimal domains theory of harmony. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 24. 101114.Google Scholar
Cole, Jennifer & Trigo, Loren (1988). Parasitic harmony. In van der Hulst, Harry & Smith, Norval (eds.) Features, segmental structure and harmony processes. Part 2. Dordrecht: Foris. 1938.Google Scholar
Pietra, Della, Stephen, Vincent Della Pietra & Lafferty, John (1997). Inducing features of random fields. IEEE Transactions: Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19. 380393.Google Scholar
Dolphyne, Florence A. (1988). The Akan (Twi-Fante) language: its sound systems and tonal structure. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.Google Scholar
Dzhunisbekov, Alimkhan (1972). Glasnye kazakhskogo jazyka. Alma-Ata: Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoj SSR.Google Scholar
Dzhunisbekov, Alimkhan (1980). Singarmonizm v kazakhskom jazyke. Alma-Ata: Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoj SSR.Google Scholar
Essegbey, James & McCollum, Adam G. (2017). Purely progressive vowel harmony in Tutrugbu. Available (February 2018) at https://www.academia.edu/33276816.Google Scholar
Finley, Sara (2008a). The interaction of vowel harmony and epenthesis. CLS 44. 95109.Google Scholar
Finley, Sara (2008b). Formal and cognitive restrictions on vowel harmony. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Flanagan, James L. (1955). A difference limen for vowel formant frequency. JASA 27. 613617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flemming, Edward (2002). Auditory representations in phonology. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Flemming, Edward (2004). Contrast and perceptual distinctiveness. In Hayes et al. (2004). 232–276.Google Scholar
Flemming, Edward (2008). Asymmetries between assimilation and epenthesis. Paper presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago.Google Scholar
Fylstra, Daniel, Lasdon, Leon, Watson, John & Waren, Allan (1998). Design and use of the Microsoft Excel Solver. Interfaces 28:5. 2955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, John A., Riggle, Jason & Yu, Alan C. L. (eds.) (2011). The handbook of phonological theory. 2nd edn. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Goldwater, Sharon & Johnson, Mark (2003). Learning OT constraint rankings using a Maximum Entropy model. In Spenader, Jennifer, Eriksson, Anders & Dahl, Östen (eds.) Proceedings of the Stockholm Workshop on Variation within Optimality Theory. Stockholm: Stockholm University. 111120.Google Scholar
Guion, Susan G., Post, Mark W. & Payne, Doris L. (2004). Phonetic correlates of tongue root vowel contrasts in Maa. JPh 32. 517542.Google Scholar
Hadding-Koch, Kerstin & Abramson, Arthur S. (1964). Duration versus spectrum in Swedish vowels: some perceptual experiments. Studia Linguistica 18. 94107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, Reinhard F. (1991). Spoken Uyghur. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Daniel Currie (2011). Phonological contrast and its phonetic enhancement: dispersedness without dispersion. Phonology 28. 154.Google Scholar
Harrison, K. David (2000). Topics in the phonology and morphology of Tuvan. PhD dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Harrison, K. David & Kaun, Abigail (2000). Pattern-responsive lexicon optimization. NELS 30. 327339.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce, Kirchner, Robert & Steriade, Donca (eds.) (2004). Phonetically based phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce & Wilson, Colin (2008). A maximum entropy model of phonotactics and phonotactic learning. LI 39. 379440.Google Scholar
Hillenbrand, James M., Clark, Michael J. & Houde, Robert A. (2000). Some effects of duration on vowel recognition. JASA 108. 30133022.Google Scholar
Hsu, Brian & Jesney, Karen (2016). Scalar positional markedness and faithfulness in Harmonic Grammar. CLS 51. 241255.Google Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der & Moskal, Beata (2013). Patterns of defective labial harmony in Turkic languages. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi 1. 1752.Google Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der & van de Weijer, Jeroen (1995). Vowel harmony. In Goldsmith, John A. (ed.) The handbook of phonological theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. 495534.Google Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der & Smith, Norval (1988). Tungusic and Mongolian vowel harmony: a minimal pair. In Coopmans, Peter & Hulk, Aafke (eds.) Linguistics in the Netherlands 1988. Dordrecht: Foris. 7988.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko & Mester, Armin (1999). Realignment. In In Kager, René, van der Hulst, Harry & Zonneveld, Wim (eds.) The prosody–morphology interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 188217.Google Scholar
Johanson, Lars (1998). The history of Turkic. In Johanson & Csató (1998). 81–125.Google Scholar
Johanson, Lars & Csató, Éva Á. (eds.) (1998). The Turkic languages. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jurgec, Peter (2011). Feature spreading 2.0: a unified theory of assimilation. PhD dissertation, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Kabak, Barıs & Weber, Silke (2013). Markedness, context, and directionality in Turkish harmony: a corpus study on vowel co-occurrence patterns. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi 1. 5385.Google Scholar
Kara, Dávid Somfai (2002). Kazak. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Kaun, Abigail R. (1995). The typology of rounding harmony: an optimality theoretic approach. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Kaun, Abigail (1999). Epenthesis-driven harmony in Turkish. BLS 25. 95106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaun, Abigail R. (2004). The typology of rounding harmony. In Hayes et al. (2004). 87–116.Google Scholar
Kirchner, Mark (1998). Kazakh and Karakalpak. In Johanson & Csató (1998). 318–332.Google Scholar
Kirchner, Robert (1993). Turkish vowel harmony and disharmony: an Optimality Theoretic account. Paper presented at the Rutgers Optimality Workshop 1. Available as ROA-4 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Ko, Seongyeon (2012). Tongue root harmony and vowel contrast in Northeast Asian languages. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Korn, David (1969). Types of labial harmony in the Turkic languages. Anthropological Linguistics 11. 98106.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter (2001). Vowels and consonants: an introduction to the sounds of languages. Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Legendre, Géraldine, Miyata, Yoshiro & Smolensky, Paul (1990). Harmonic Grammar: a formal multi-level connectionist theory of linguistic well-formedness: theoretical foundations. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. 388–395.Google Scholar
Li, Bing (1996). Tungusic vowel harmony: description and analysis. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.Google Scholar
Liljencrants, Johan & Lindblom, Björn (1972). Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: the role of perceptual contrast. Lg 48. 839862.Google Scholar
Linker, Wendy (1982). Articulatory and acoustic correlates of labial activity in vowels: a cross-linguistic study. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn (1975). Experiments in sound structure. Revue de Phonétique Appliquée 51. 155189.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn (1986). Phonetic universals in vowel systems. In Ohala, John J. & Jaeger, Jeri J. (eds.) Experimental phonology. Orlando: Academic Press. 1344.Google Scholar
Lobanov, Boris M. (1971). Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different speakers. JASA 49. 606608.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1993). Generalized alignment. Yearbook of Morphology 1993. 79153.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In Beckman, Jill N., Dickey, Laura Walsh & Urbanczyk, Suzanne (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: GLSA. 249384.Google Scholar
McCollum, Adam G. (2015). Labial harmonic shift in Kazakh: mapping the pathways and motivations for decay. BLS 41. 329352.Google Scholar
McCollum, Adam G. (2017). Mayak and the typology of labial harmony. In Jesney, Karen, O'Hara, Charlie, Smith, Caitlin & Walker, Rachel (eds.) Supplemental Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Meeting on Phonology. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v4i0.3989.Google Scholar
McCollum, Adam G. & Chen, Si (2018). Illustration of the IPA: Kazakh. Available (February 2018) at https://www.academia.edu/36285592.Google Scholar
McPherson, Laura & Hayes, Bruce (2016). Relating application frequency to morphological structure: the case of Tommo So vowel harmony. Phonology 33. 125167.Google Scholar
Menges, Karl H. (1947). Qaraqalpaq grammar. Part 1: Phonology. New York: King's Crown.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhamedowa, Raihan (2015). Kazakh: a comprehensive grammar. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nevins, Andrew (2010). Locality in vowel harmony. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. (1994). Towards a universal, phonetically-based theory of vowel harmony. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 94). Vol. 2. Yokohama: Acoustical Society of Japan. 491–494.Google Scholar
Padgett, Jaye (2004). Russian vowel reduction and Dispersion Theory. Phonological Studies 7. 8196.Google Scholar
Padgett, Jaye & Tabain, Marija (2005). Adaptive Dispersion Theory and phonological vowel reduction in Russian. Phonetica 62. 1454.Google Scholar
Pater, Joe (2009). Weighted constraints in generative linguistics. Cognitive Science 33. 9991035.Google Scholar
Peacock, Wesley (2007). Collected field reports on the phonology of Nkonya. Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Ms, Rutgers University & University of Colorado, Boulder. Published 2004, Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Przezdziecki, Marek A. (2005). Vowel harmony and coarticulation in three dialects of Yoruba: phonetics determining phonology. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Puech, Gilbert (1978). A cross-dialectal study of vowel harmony in Maltese. CLS 14. 377390.Google Scholar
Reetz, Henning & Jongman, Allard (2009). Phonetics: transcription, production, acoustics, and perception. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rose, Sharon & Walker, Rachel (2011). Harmony systems. In Goldsmith et al. (2011). 240–290.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Jean-Luc, Boë, Louis-Jean, Vallée, Nathalie & Abry, Christian (1997). The Dispersion-Focalization Theory of vowel systems. JPh 25. 255286.Google Scholar
Seidel, Frank (2008). A grammar of Yeyi: a Bantu language of southern Africa. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1981). Parameters of metrical harmony rules. Ms, MIT.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (2009). The phonology of perceptibility effects: the P-map and its consequences for constraint organization. In Hanson, Kristin & Inkelas, Sharon (eds.) The nature of the word: studies in honor of Paul Kiparsky. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 151179.Google Scholar
Suomi, Kari (1983). Palatal vowel harmony: a perceptually motivated phenomenon? Nordic Journal of Linguistics 6. 135.Google Scholar
Svantesson, Jan-Olof (1985). Vowel harmony shift in Mongolian. Lingua 67. 283327.Google Scholar
Terbeek, Dale (1977). A cross-language multidimensional scaling study of vowel perception. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Tsumagari, Toshiro (2009). A sketch of Solon grammar. Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities 2. 121.Google Scholar
Ultan, Russell (1973). Some reflections on vowel harmony. Working Papers on Language Universals 12. 3767.Google Scholar
Vajda, Edward J. (1994). Kazakh phonology. In Kaplan, Edward H. & Whisenhunt, Donald W. (eds.) Opuscula Altaica: essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz. Bellingham, Wash.: East Asian Studies Press. 603650.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert (1993). The origins of Altaic labial attraction. Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 2. 228237.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert (1998). The phonology of Armenian. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert & Samuels, Bridget (2015). Explaining vowel systems: dispersion theory vs natural selection. The Linguistic Review 32. 573599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Rachel (2001). Round licensing, harmony, and bisyllabic triggers in Altaic. NLLT 19. 827878.Google Scholar
Walker, Rachel (2011). Vowel patterns in language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Washington, Jonathan North (2016). An investigation of vowel anteriority in three Turkic languages using ultrasound tongue imaging. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Wilson, Colin & George, Benjamin (2009). Maxent grammar tool. Software package. Available (February 2018) at http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/MaxentGrammarTool.Google Scholar
Xiāngrú, Zhào & Hahn, Reinhard F. (1989). The Ili Turk people and their language. Central Asiatic Journal 33. 260289.Google Scholar
Yavaş, Mehmet (1980). Some pilot experiments on Turkish vowel harmony. Research on Language and Social Interaction 13. 543562.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

McCollum supplementary material

McCollum supplementary material 1

Download McCollum supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 1.4 MB