Authorship and contributorship
All authors listed on any papers submitted to this journal must be in agreement that the authors listed would all be considered authors according to disciplinary norms, and that no authors who would reasonably be considered an author have been excluded. For further details on this journal’s authorship policy, please see this journal's publishing ethics policies.
Author affiliations
Author affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved. For non-research content, any affiliations should represent the institution(s) with which each author is currently affiliated.
For more information, please see our author affiliation policy and author affiliation FAQs.
Supplementary materials
Material that is not essential to understanding or supporting a manuscript, but which may nonetheless be relevant or interesting to readers, may be submitted as supplementary materials. Supplementary materials will be published online alongside your article, but will not be published in the pages of the journal. Types of supplementary materials may include, but are not limited to, appendices, additional tables or figures, datasets, videos, and sound files.
Supplementary materials will be published with the same metadata as your parent article, and are considered a formal part of the academic record, so cannot be retracted or modified other than via our article correction processes. Supplementary materials will not be typeset or copyedited, so should be supplied exactly as they are to appear online. Please make sure you are familiar with our detailed guidance on supplementary materials prior to submission.
Where relevant we encourage authors to publish additional qualitative or quantitative research outputs in an appropriate repository, and cite these in manuscripts.
Accessibility requirements
All articles published by Cambridge are required to meet the accessibility standards outlined in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 Level AA. To ensure that material published in Cambridge journals is accessible to and understandable by all, authors should carefully consider elements such as colour use, contrast, and text clarity when preparing images and tables. For detailed guidance on image and multimedia file preparation and preferred formats, please see the Cambridge Journals Artwork Guide.
Image, table, and multimedia descriptions: Accessibility materials must be made available for all figures, tables, and multimedia content to be published within the article, including the provision of image descriptions or “alt-text” for all figures. Authors have the opportunity to prepare their own alt-text and video/audio descriptions for all of their relevant materials and submit this to Cambridge as part of the Accessibility Descriptions Submission Form.
As the subject expert, authors are encouraged to provide their own accessibility materials. For detailed instructions on their preparation, please see our guide to Preparing Accessible Materials. If accessibility materials are required for the publication of your article and not provided with the accepted manuscript files, these will be machine generated for you and made available to review at proof stage. The accuracy of accessibility materials is the responsibility of the author; please ensure these are checked carefully.
Labelling: All illustrative materials should be referred to in your manuscript text as “Figures”. Tables and figures must be cited in the text, must be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals, and captions must be provided in all cases. Diagrams, graphs, maps, boxes, displayed equations, and code snippets must also be labelled and numbered. For further information, please see Preparing Accessible Materials.