Hostname: page-component-5d84bcc8dc-m65vl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-09-12T20:32:27.898Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Racializing Gender: Public Opinion at the Intersection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2015

Erin C. Cassese ,
Tiffany D. Barnes  and
Regina P. Branton
Erin C. Cassese
Affiliation:
West Virginia University
Tiffany D. Barnes
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Regina P. Branton
Affiliation:
University of North Texas
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Efforts to understand the political implications of categorical prejudices—like racism and sexism—are complicated by the intersectional nature of social groups. Evaluating attitudes toward members of a single social category (e.g., African-Americans) in isolation can produce misleading conclusions, as racial cues commonly coincide with gender cues and create meaningful subgroups (McConnaughy and White 2014). The idea that different subgroups of women experience distinctive forms of discrimination is reflected in the concept of “double jeopardy.” Double jeopardy suggests that black and Hispanic women experience discrimination differently from white women or men of color because they simultaneously belong to a low-status gender group and a low-status racial/ethnic group (King 1988; Levin et al. 2002; cf. Sidanius and Veniegas 2000). As a result, women who are racial or ethnic minorities face a cumulative discrimination that extends beyond racism or sexism alone (King 1988; Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach 2008).

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Politics & Gender , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , March 2015 , pp. 1 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Banks, Antoine J., and Valentino, Nicholas A.. 2012. “Emotional Substrates of White Racial Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (2): 286–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Kluegel, James. 1993. “Opposition to Race Targeting: Self Interest, Stratification Ideology, or Racial Attitudes?” American Sociological Review 58 (4): 443–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branton, Regina, Cassese, Erin, and Jones, Bradford. 2012. “Race, Ethnicity, and U.S. House Incumbent Evaluations.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 37 (4): 465–89.Google Scholar
Cole, Elizabeth R. 2009. “Intersectionality and Research in Psychology.” American Psychologist 64 (3): 170–80.Google Scholar
Cole, Elizabeth R., and Stewart, Abigail 2001. “Invidious Comparisons: Imagining a Psychology of Race and Gender Beyond Differences.” Political Psychology 22 (2): 293–308.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1988. “Feminists and the Gender Gap.” Journal of Politics 50 (4): 985–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–99.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams. 1993. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” In Feminist Legal Theory, ed. Weisburg, D. Kelly. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 383–95.Google Scholar
Dawson, Michael C. 2012. Blacks In and Out of the Left: Past, Present and Future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
DeSante, Christopher D. 2013. “Working Twice as Hard to Get Half as Far: Race, Work Ethic, and America's Deserving Poor.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (2): 342–56.Google Scholar
Dhamoon, Rita Kaur. 2011. “Considerations on Mainstreaming Intersectionality.” Political Research Quarterly 64 (1): 230–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Stanley, and Huddy, Leonie. 2005. “Racial Resentment and White Opposition to Race-Conscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice?” American Journal of Political Science 49 (1): 168–83.Google Scholar
Fox, Cybelle. 2004. “The Changing Color of Welfare? How Whites' Attitudes toward Latinos Influence Support for Welfare.” American Journal of Sociology 110 (3): 580–625.Google Scholar
Glicke, Peter, and Fiske, Susan. 2001. “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Justifications for Gender Inequality.” American Psychologist 56 (2): 109–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glicke, Peter, and Fiske, Susan. 2011. “An Ambivalent Sexism Revisited.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 35 (3): 530–35.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007a. “Intersectionality as Normative and Empirical Paradigm.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37 (1): 41–45.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007b. “When Multiplication Doesn't Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (1): 63–79.Google Scholar
Harris-Perry, Melissa V. 2011. Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie, Cassese, Erin, and Lizotte, Mary-Kate. 2008. “Gender, Public Opinion, and Political Reasoning.” In Political Women and American Democracy, ed. Wolbrecht, Christina, Beckwith, Karen, and Baldez, Lisa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31–49.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie, and Feldman, Stanley. 2009. “On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice.” Annual Review of Political Science 12 (1): 423–47.Google Scholar
Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR). 2013. “The Gender Wage Gap: 2012.” http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-2012 (accessed March 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Jackman, Mary. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class and Race Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, John T., and Banaji, Mahzarin. 1994. “The Role of Stereotyping in System-Justification and the Production of False Consciousness.” British Journal of Social Psychology 33 (1): 1–27.Google Scholar
Jost, John T., Federico, Chistopher M., and Napier, Jamie L.. 2009. “Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities.” Annual Review of Psychology 60 (1): 309–37.Google Scholar
Jost, John T., Glaser, Jack, Kruglanski, Arie W., and Sulloway, Frank J.. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (3): 339–75.Google Scholar
Jost, John T., and Hunyady, Orsolya. 2005. “Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14 (5): 260–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, John T., Wakslak, Cheryl J., and Tyler, Tom R.. 2008. “System Justification Theory and the Alleviation of Emotional Distress.” Advances in Group Processes 25: 181–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Kam, Cindy D.. 2009. Us Against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Mendelberg, Tali. 2000. “Individualism Reconsidered: Principles and Prejudice in Contemporary American Opinion.” Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America, ed. Sears, David O., Sidanius, Jim, and Bobo, Lawrence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 44–74.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sanders, Lynn M.. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, Deborah K. 1988. “Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology.” Signs 14 (1): 42–72.Google Scholar
Kirkness, Verna. 1988. “Emerging Native Women.” Canadian Journal of Women and Law 2 (2): 408–15.Google Scholar
Levin, Shana, Sinclair, Stacey, Veniegas, Rosemary, and Taylor, Pamela. 2002. “Perceived Discrimination in the Context of Multiple Group Membership.” Psychological Science 13 (6): 557–60.Google Scholar
McConnaughy, Corrine M., and White, Ismail K.. 2014. “Racial Politics Complicated: The Work of Gendered Race Cues in American Politics.” Working paper, George Washington University.Google Scholar
Naples, Nancy A. 1999. “Towards Comparative Analyses of Women's Political Praxis: Explicating Multiple Dimensions of Standpoint Epistemology for Feminist Ethnography.” Women & Politics 20 (1): 29–57.Google Scholar
Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie, and Eibach, Richard. 2008. “Intersectional Invisibility: The Distinctive Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Subordinate-Group Identities.” Sex Roles 59: 377–91.Google Scholar
Roberts, Dorothy. 1999. Killing the Black Body. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Sears, David O., and Henry, Patrick J.. 2003. “The Origins of Symbolic Racism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2): 259–75.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim, Levin, Shana, Liu, James, and Pratto, Felicia. 2000. “Social Dominance Orientation, Antiegalitarianism, and the Political Psychology of Gender: An Extension and Cross-cultural Replication.” European Journal of Social Psychology 30 (1): 41–67.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidanius, Jim, and Pratto, Felicia. 1993. “Racism and Support of Free-Market Capitalism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.” Political Psychology 14 (3): 381–401.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim, and Pratto, Felicia. 1999. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim, Pratto, Felicia, and Bobo, Lawrence. 1994. “Social Dominance Orientation and the Political Psychology of Gender.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (6): 998–1011.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim, and Veniegas, Rosemary C.. 2000. “Gender and Race Discrimination: The Interactive Nature of Disadvantage.” In Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, ed. Oskamp, Stuart. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 47–69.Google Scholar
Simien, Evelyn. 2007. “Doing Intersectionality Research: From Conceptual Issues to Practical Examples.” Politics & Gender 3 (2): 36–43.Google Scholar
Simien, Evelyn M., and Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2011. “Mini-Symposium: Intersectionality Research.” Political Research Quarterly 64 (1): 185–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., and Carmines, Edward. 1997. Reaching Beyond Race. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strolovitch, Dara Z. 1998. “Playing Favorites: Public Attitudes toward Race- and Gender Targeted Anti-discrimination Policy.” National Women's Studies Association Journal 10 (3): 27–53.Google Scholar
Strolovitch, Dara Z. 2007. Affirmative Advocacy: Race, Class and Gender in Interest Group Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Swim, Janet K., Aikin, Kathryn J., Hall, Wayne S., and Hunter, Barbara A.. 1995. “Sexism and Racism: Old-Fashioned and Modern Prejudices.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (2): 199–214.Google Scholar
Vavreck, Lynn, and Rivers, Douglas. 2008. “The 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 18 (4): 355–66.Google Scholar
Weldon, Laurel. 2006. “The Structure of Intersectionality: A Comparative Politics of Gender.” Politics & Gender 2 (2): 235–48.Google Scholar