Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-2s2w2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-09T07:13:19.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Resistant starch as a prebiotic and synbiotic: state of the art

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2007

David L. Topping*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, BC 5000, Australia
Michihiro Fukushima
Affiliation:
CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, BC 5000, Australia Department of Bioresource Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
Anthony R. Bird
Affiliation:
CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, BC 5000, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Dr David L. Topping, fax +618 8303 8899, David.Topping@csiro.au
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Non-infectious diseases such as CHD and certain cancers have become major causes of death and disability in affluent countries. Probiotics (principally lactic acid bacteria; LAB) may assist in lowering the risk of these diseases. Experimental studies with probiotics have given generally inconclusive outcomes for infectious disease and for biomarkers for non-infectious disease. In part this situation may reflect their inability to colonise the adult human gut effectively. Prebiotics can assist in promoting colonisation, and resistant starch (RS), as a high-amylose starch, is a prebiotic and synbiotic. This starch exerts its synbiotic action through adhesion of the bacteria to the granule surface. Consumption of RS assists in recovery from infectious diarrhoea in man and animals. A rice porridge, high in RS, appears to modify the autochthonous porcine large-bowel microflora favourably through lowering Escherichia coli and coliform numbers. Many of the beneficial effects of RS on large-bowel function appear to beexerted through short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) formed by bacterial fermentation. In man LAB are found in relatively highest numbers in milk-fed infants where theprofile of fermentation products differs quite markedly from that in adults. It appearsunlikely that ingestion of current probiotics will alter either total SCFA or the proportions of the major acids. More emphasis needs to be given to the investigation of the effects of complex carbohydrates, including RS, on the autochthonous microflora of the human large bowel.

Type
Session: Nutrients contributing to the fibre effect
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

References

Asp, N-G (1992) Resistant starch. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46 S1 Suppl. 2Google ScholarPubMed
Baghurst, PA, Baghurst, KI & Record, SJ (1996) Dietary fibre, nonstarch polysaccharides and resistant starch – a review. Food Australia 48, S3S35 Suppl.Google Scholar
Bezkorovainy, A (2001) Probiotics: determinants of survival and growth in the gut. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73 399S – 405SGoogle Scholar
Bird, AR, Brown, IL & Topping, DL (2000a) Starches, resistant starches, the gut microflora and human health. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 1, 2537.Google ScholarPubMed
Bird, AR, Hayakawa, T, Marsono, Y, Gooden, JM, Correll, RL & Topping, DL (2000b) Coarse brown rice increases fecal and large bowel short-chain fatty acids and starch but lowers calcium in the large bowel of pigs. Journal of Nutrition 130, 17801787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, I, Conway, P & Topping, D (2000) The health potential of resistant starches in foods, an Australian perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition 44, 5358.Google Scholar
Brown, I, Warhurst, M, Arcot, J, Playne, M, Illman, RJ & Topping, DL (1997) Fecal numbers of Bifidobacteria are higher in pigs fed Bifidobacterium longum with a high amylose cornstarch than with a low amylose cornstarch. Journal of Nutrition 127, 18221827.Google Scholar
Brown, IL, McNaught, KJ & Moloney, E (1995) Hi-maize (tm): new directions in starch technology and nutrition. Food Australia 47, 272275.Google Scholar
Brown, IL, Wang, X, Topping, DL, Playne, MJ & Conway, PL (1998) High amylose maize starch as a versatile prebiotic for use with probiotic bacteria. Food Australia 50, 602609.Google Scholar
Colonna, P & Mercier, C (1985) Gelatinization and melting of maize starches with normal and high amylose phenotypes. Phytochemistry 24, 16671674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, JH & Macfarlane, GT (1991) The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70, 443459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Roos, NM & Katan, MB (2000) Effects of probiotic bacteria on diarrhea, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis: a review of papers published between 1988 and 1998. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 405411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, CA, Parrett, AM, Balmer, SE & Wharton, BA (1994) Faecal short chain fatty acids in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Acta Paediatrica 83, 459462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, GR & Roberfroid, MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 14011412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Govers, MJ, Gannon, NJ, Dunshea, FR, Gibson, PR & Muir, JG (1999) Wheat bran affects the site of fermentation of resistant starch and luminal indexes related to colon cancer risk: a study in pigs. Gut 45, 840847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampson, DJ, Robertson, ID, La, T, Oxberry, SL & Pethick, DW (2000) Influences of diet and vaccination on colonisation of pigs by the intestinal spirochaete. Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 7584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, LT, Allan-Wojtas, PM, Jin, YL & Paulson, AT (2002) Survival of Ca-alginate microencapsulated Bifidobacterium spp. in milk and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Microbiology 19, 3545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBurney, MI (1991) Starch malabsorption and stool excretion are influenced by the menstrual cycle in women consuming lowfibre Western diets. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 26, 880886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsono, Y, Illman, RJ, Clarke, JM, Trimble, RP & Topping, DL (1993) Plasma lipids and large bowel volatile fatty acids in pigs fed white rice, brown rice and rice bran. British Journal of Nutrition 70, 503513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metchnikoff, E (1907) The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies. [ Chalmers Mitchell, P Editor]. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Naidu, AS, Bidlack, WR & Clemens, RA (1999) Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Critical Reviews in Food Science 39, 13126.Google Scholar
Nase, L, Hatakka, K, Savilahti, E, Saxelin, M, Ponka, A, Poussa, T, Korpela, R & Meurman, JH (2001) Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Research 35, 412420.Google Scholar
Rabbani, GH, Teka, T, Zaman, B, Majid, N, Khatun, M & Fuchs, GJ (2001) Clinical studies in persistent diarrhea: dietary management with green banana or pectin in Bangladeshi children. Gastroenterology 121, 554560.Google Scholar
Ramakrishna, BS, Venkataraman, S, Srinivasan, P, Dash, P, Young, GP & Binder, HJ (2000) Amylase-resistant starch plus oral rehydration solution for cholera. New England Journal of Medicine 342, 308313.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, EJ, Brassart, D, Servin, AL, Rochat, F, Donnet-Hughes, A (1997) Immune modulation of blood leukocytes in humans by lactic acid bacteria: criteria for strain selection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66 515S – 520SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Topping, DL & Clifton, PM (2001) Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiological Reviews 81, 10311064.Google Scholar
Topping, DL, Gooden, JM, Brown, IL, Biebrick, DA, McGrath, L, Trimble, RP, Choct, M & Illman, RJ (1997) A high amylose (amylomaize) starch raises proximal large bowel starch and increases colon length in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 127, 615622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuohy, KM, Kolida, S, Lustenberger, AM & Gibson, GR (2001) The prebiotic effects of biscuits containing partially hydrolysed guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides: a human volunteer study. British Journal of Nutrition 86, 341348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Niel, CW, Feudtner, C, Garrison, MM & Christakis, DA (2002) Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 109, 678684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, EA, Coxhead, JM & Mathers, JC (2003) Anti-cancer effects of butyrate: use of micro-array technology to investigate mechanisms. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 107115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolin, MJ, Yerry, S, Miller, TL, Zhang, Y & Bank, S (1998a) Changes in production of ethanol, acids and H 2 from glucose by the fecal flora of a 16- to 158-d-old breast-fed infant. Journal of Nutrition 128, 8590.Google Scholar
Wolin, MJ, Zhang, Y, Bank, S, Yerry, S & Miller, TL (1998b) NMR Detection of 13CH313COOH from 3–13C-glucose: a signature for bifidobacterium fermentation in the intestinal tract. Journal of Nutrition 128, 9196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed