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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 May 2014
When the Saxons from the mainland of Europe sailed up the Thames around the middle of the 5th century A.D. to lay the foundation-stone for the Anglo-Saxon Empire, they brought with them a signum sacre which has been handed down to us as the decoration of an urn from the burial-ground at Lackford in Suffolk. This consists of the figure of a horse, against which at the rear is a swastika (fig, 1, 1). Already at that time this sign had clearly a long history—a similar combination, closely related in style, is known to us from the first half of the last millennium B.C.; at that time it represented the Northern idea of the movement or journey of the ‘divine’ sun (fig. 1, 2), which idea has been brought down to us in plastic form from more than five hundred years earlier in the sun-chariot from Trundholm on Zealand.
page 257 note 1 Lethbridge, T. C., A Cemetery of Lackford, Suffolk, 1951, 30Google Scholar, fig. 8.
page 257 note 2 Germania 20, 1936, 6Google Scholar, fig. 10.
page 257 note 3 Marburger Studien, 1938, fig. 80, 8 (Raftery); Jenny, W. v., Keltische Metallarbeiten aus heidnischer u. christlicher Zeit, 1935Google Scholar (abbrev. v. Jenny), fig. 45, lower right.
page 257 note 4 Jahrbuch d. Röm.-German. Zentralmuseums Mainz I, 1953Google Scholar (abbrev. Mainzer Jahrbuch), 28 f.
page 257 note 5 Marburger Studien, 204—v. Jenny, p. 55, suggests 1st century A.D., cf. Mahr, A., Ancient Irish Handcraft, 1939, 11Google Scholar and fig. 9, 2; 11, 4.
page 259 note 1 Déchelette, J., Manuel d'Archéologie préhistorique celtique et gallo-romaine (abbrev. Déchelette), vol. 2, 1910, 464 f.Google Scholar
page 260 note 1 E. Sprockhoff, Zur Handelsgeschichte der germanischen Bronzezeit (abbrev. Sprockhoff, Handelsgeschichte), fig. 30 b, 37 b. G. v. Merhart in Mainzer Festschrift, 1952, fig. 3; 24, 7.
page 260 note 2 Broholm, H., Danmarks Bronzealder (abbrev. Broholm) IV, 1949Google Scholar, fig. 25, 7.
page 260 note 3 Jacobsthal, P., Early Celtic Art, 1944Google Scholar (abbrev. Jacobsthal), fig. 138, 240.
page 260 note 4 Déchelette 2, 1, figs. 195 and 563; Jacobsthal, fig. 138, 239.
page 260 note 5 v. Jenny, fig. 30, 31 and Hencken, H. (in: Gazette des beaux arts, 136, fig. 2)Google Scholar inverted; Raftery (Marburger Studien, fig. 79) and Mahr, Ancient Irish Handicraft, fig. 9, 4 correctly placed.
page 260 note 6 Sprockhoff, E., Jungbronzezeitliche Hortfunde Norddeutschlands, Periode V, 1956Google Scholar (printing) (abbrev. Sprockhoff, Hortfunde P. V), fig. 54, a, 5–7.
page 260 note 7 Marburger Studien, 203; v. Jenny, 50, fig. 30/31.
page 261 note 1 Jacobsthal, fig. 85, 144; 88, 149
page 261 note 2 Déchelette, 2, 3, figs. 484, 486, 722.
page 261 note 3 Déchelette, 2, 3, 560, 9; 562, 564, 726; Behrens, G., Keltische Goldmünzen in d. Slg. des R.G.Z.M. Mainz, 1955Google Scholar. figs. 8, 3; 10, 1; 13, 1, 3, 4.
page 261 note 4 Jacobsthal, fig. 142, 250; Déchelette, 2, 3, fig. 697.
page 261 note 5 For further details, viz. Offa, 14, 1955Google Scholar (printing).
page 261 note 6 cf. fig. 9, 2 and Lüneburger Museumsblätter, 6, 1955, 107Google Scholar, fig. 6, 4.
page 261 note 7 Mainzer Jahrbuch, 57, fig. 14; Lüneburger Museumsblätter 6, 1955. 109 f.Google Scholar
page 263 note 1 Mainzer Jahrbuch, 90, fig. 27, 2.
page 263 note 2 Jacobsthal, figs. 273, 350, 351.
page 263 note 3 ibid., fig. 37, 43.
page 263 note 4 Müller, S., Bronzealderens Kunst, p. 16Google Scholar, fig. 58 b.
page 263 note 5 Mainzer Jahrbuch, 90 fig. 27, 1; Madsen, A. P., Afbildninger af Danske Oldsager og Mindesmaerker Broncealderen. Suiter, 1872Google Scholar, fig. 6, 18.
page 263 note 6 Sprockhoff, E., Die Vollgriffschwerter der jüngeren Bronzezeit, 1934CrossRefGoogle Scholar (abbrev. Sprockhoff, Vollgriffschwerter), fig. 18, 1.
page 266 note 1 Müller, S., Oldtidens Kunst II, 34Google Scholar, fig. 123.
page 266 note 2 Karo, Schachtgräber, fig. 66, 669. Jacobsthal, pl. 268, 187; 274, 391.
page 266 note 3 v. Sacken, Hallstatt, pl. 10, 7.
page 266 note 4 Lüneburger Museumsblätter 6, 1955, 109Google Scholar, fig. 8, 1.
page 266 note 5 Lüneburger Museumsblätter, 6, 1955, 108Google Scholar, fig. 2.
page 266 note 6 cf. Festschrift f. R. Egger, II, 1953, 11 f.Google Scholar, and Sprockhoff, E.. Hortfunde P. V, 1956. 195 f.Google Scholar
page 268 note 1 cf. e.g. numerous illus. in Hure, A.. Le Senonais aux âges du bronze et du fer, 1931Google Scholar (abbrev. Hure), fig. 145 f.
page 268 note 2 A. Hure, figs. 91 and 135.
page 268 note 3 The Edda, translated by von Wolzogen, H., Reclam-Bibliothek, , Leipzig o. J., 307Google Scholar. The English version is by the translator.
page 268 note 4 Mainzer Jahrbuch, fig. 17, 4, 5; Sprockhoff, Vollgriffschwerter, fig. 18, 1; 20, 4; 24, 5; 34, 1.
page 269 note 1 Werner, J., ‘Mykenae-Siebenbürgen-Skandinavien’, Atti del I. Congresso Internazionale, Rome, 1950Google Scholar; Holste, F., Die bronzezeitlichen Vollgriffschwerter Bayerns, 1953, 43Google Scholar; Offa, 9, 1951Google Scholar, fig. 3.
page 269 note 2 Jacobsthal, fig. 70, 121–5.
page 270 note 1 Jacobsthal, fig. 43, 53; 170, 360; Mainzer Jahrbuch, fig. 25, 3, 5, 8.
page 270 note 2 Jacobsthal, fig. 45–7, 55–9.
page 270 note 3 e.g. on the chariot of Dupljaja (Mainzer Jahrbuch, fig. 7 and 8) or on the ships of the North on bronzes and rock drawings (Sprockhoff, Hortfunde P. V, fig. 55, 4, 7).
page 271 note 1 Sprockhoff, Hortfunde M.V., fig. 15, 2, 3, 7, 9; Broholm, , Bronzealder, 4, 96Google Scholar Gr. 1131, 99 Gr. 1888 and 109 Gr. 1331; Müller, S., Bronzealderens Kunst, 45Google Scholar, fig. 146, 147; Mainzer Jahrbuch, vol. 41, fig. 8; vol. 59, fig- 15. 3 and 8; vol. 62, fig. 16, 3; vol. 80, fig. 23, 20; vol. 86, fig. 26 a1; vol. 87, fig. 26, b3; vol. 94, fig. 30, 4; and vol. 101, fig. 34, 4.
page 272 note 1 Jahreshefte des Österreich. Archäolog. Instituts, 1908.
page 272 note 2 Déchelette, 2, 3, 1527 f.
page 272 note 3 Revue archéol. de l'Est et du Centre-Est t. 4, 1953, 108, 319Google Scholar
page 272 note 4 Jacobsthal, 23.
page 274 note 1 Sprockhoff, Hortfunde P. V, fig. 19, 6, 12, 22; Marburger Studien, fig. 90; Sprockhoff, , Niedersächsische Depotfunde der jüngeren Bronzezeit, 1932Google Scholar, fig. 21.
page 274 note 2 Jacob-Friesen Festschrift.
page 274 note 3 Jacobsthal, 20 f.
page 274 note 4 Jacobsthal, fig. 3, 4.
page 274 note 5 It would surprise me if G. Wilke had not already made this observation but time prevents me from ascertaining this fact.
page 274 note 6 Montelius, , Minnen Fran var forntid, I, 1917Google Scholar, fig. 1337; Hansson, H., Gotlands bronsalder, 1927Google Scholar, fig. 30, 148; 46.
page 274 note 7 Badische Fundberichte, I, 1925Google Scholar; II, fig. 4; Jacobsthal, fig. 158, 314, cf. the well-known example from Berlin-Niederschönhausen, ibid., fig. 157, 308.
page 274 note 8 Müller, S., Bronzealderens Kunst, 52Google Scholar, fig. 185; Kossack, G., ‘Studien zum Symbolgut der Urnenfelderund Hallstattzeit Mitteleuropas’, Röm.-German Forschungen, vol. 20, 1954, 52Google Scholar and fig. 14, 3; Broholm, III, 267, M 304.
page 275 note 1 Déchelette, 2, 3, fig. 484–7.
page 275 note 2 cf. the Northern rock-drawings and the helmets of Viksö (Broholm, IV, fig. 67–8).
page 275 note 3 Broholm, IV, fig. 70A; 70.
page 275 note 4 Sprockhoff, , Hortfunde P. V, 160Google Scholar, note 1.
page 275 note 5 ibid. fig. 21, 3, 4; 25; 47, 8; p. 135, fig. 34, 143, fig. 38; 160.
page 275 note 6 Sprockhoff, Hortfunde P. V, fig. 47, 8 and p. 99, fig. 19, 4; Altschlesien 6, 1936Google Scholar, fig. 23, 1.
page 275 note 7 Jacobsthal, fig. 250 C.
page 275 note 8 Swiatowit, 17, 1936–1937, 255 f.Google Scholar
page 275 note 9 Sprockhoff, Hortfunde P. IV, fig. 3, 17.
page 275 note 10 ibid., fig. 55; 57, 5; Jacobsthal, fig. 114.
page 275 note 11 Sprockhoff Hortfunde P. V, fig. 16, 11; fig. 24, 1; fig. 30, 2; fig. 38, 5; Jacobsthal, 57.
page 275 note 12 Mannus, 6, supp. vol. 1928, 178Google Scholar.
page 275 note 13 Broholm, III, 241, fig. M 210; 259, fig. M, 235; 281, fig. 4; 283, fig. 10–11 (but why ?) Presumably also Blumenthal, Kr. Ostprignitz (A. Kiekebusch, Landeskunde der Mark Brandenburg, fig. 3, 14–18).
page 276 note 1 Jacobsthal, fig. 33, 4; fig. 54, 85; Lindenschmit, L., Altertümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit, VGoogle Scholar, fig. 50, 881; Bittel, K., Die Kelten in Württemberg, 1934, 68, 72, 76Google Scholar.
page 276 note 2 Broholm, IV, fig. 11, 4, 5; Sprockhoff, Hortfunde P. IV, fig. 16, 5.
page 276 note 3 Déchelette, 2, 3, 1244, fig. 531, 1–3 and 1266, fig. 544, 7–9. The first group is, according to its position in the grave, bracelets for the upper arm, the second group is finger rings and therefore according to Déchelette, p. 1245, not to be compared to the first group; A. Hure, 169, fig. 363–4.
page 276 note 4 Sprockhoff, Vollgriffschwerter, text-plate A, 19; H. Müller-Karpe, Die Urnenfelderkultur im Hanauer Land, fig. 36, 23.
page 277 note 1 Behn, F., Urgeschichte von Starkenburg, 1936Google Scholar, fig. 40.
page 277 note 2 Jacobsthal, fig. 261, 8.
page 277 note 3 Jacobsthal, fig. 262, 17; 268, 37.
page 277 note 4 ibid., fig. 265, 107.
page 277 note 5 ibid., fig. 266, 125 and 128; 265, 98.
page 277 note 6 ibid., fig. 266, 136.
page 277 note 7 ibid., fig. 268, 194.
page 277 note 8 ibid., fig. 268, 205.
page 277 note 9 ibid., fig. 268, 188–94; 270, 281, 289.
page 277 note 10 ibid., fig. 268, 196–99.
page 277 note 11 ibid., fig. 18, 8; 271, 322.
page 277 note 12 ibid., fig. 270, 283; 271, 294.
page 277 note 13 ibid., fig. 265, 120.
page 277 note 14 ibid., fig. 266, 139–41.
page 277 note 15 Sprockhoff, , Hortfunde P. V, 148 f.Google Scholar
page 278 note 1 Broholm, III, 13; Archeologia Geographica, 2, 1951, 124Google Scholar, fig. 3.
page 278 note 2 Marburger Studien 1 f. with the typological development-pattern; Behaghel has, however, raised doubts as to their chronological reliability, p. 7.
page 278 note 3 Germania, 33, 1955, Heft 3, 151 f.Google Scholar
page 280 note 1 Jacobsthal, a. O.
page 281 note 1 Sprockhoff, Hortfunde M.V., fig. 22, 1.
page 281 note 2 Antiquity, II, 1937, 300 f.Google Scholar, fig. 4, 6.
