Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ph5wq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T14:17:41.178Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Changing Land Use and Political Economy at Neolithic and Bronze Age Knossos, Crete: Stable Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) Isotope Analysis of Charred Crop Grains and Faunal Bone Collagen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 July 2022

VALASIA ISAAKIDOU
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK valasia.isaakidou@arch.ox.ac.uk
PAUL HALSTEAD
Affiliation:
20 Jarrow Rd., Sheffield S11 8YB, UK
ELIZABETH STROUD
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK valasia.isaakidou@arch.ox.ac.uk
ANAYA SARPAKI
Affiliation:
Tsikalaria 137, Chania 73100, Greece
ELENI HATZAKI
Affiliation:
Dept of Classics, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0226, USA
ERIKA NITSCH
Affiliation:
3 Cabbage Moor, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5NB, UK
AMY BOGAARD
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK valasia.isaakidou@arch.ox.ac.uk

Abstract

Excavations at Knossos have uncovered faunal and archaeobotanical archives spanning the Neolithic and Bronze Age (7th–2nd millennia bce), during which one of Europe’s earliest known farming settlements developed into its first major urban settlement and centre of one of its oldest regional states. Through stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) analysis of seeds and bones (as evidence for the growing conditions of cereal and pulse crops and for the types of forage consumed by livestock), land use and, ultimately, political economy are explored. Changing husbandry conditions overwrite any effects of long-term aridification. Early (7th–6th millennium bce) Knossian farmers grew intensively managed cereals and pulses (probably in rotation) that were closely integrated (as manured sources of forage) with livestock. Through the later Neolithic and Bronze Age, settlement growth accompanied more extensive cultivation (eventually with cereals and pulses not in rotation) and greater use of rough graze and, by goats, browse. Pasture on cultivated land remained central, however, to the maintenance of sheep, cattle, and pigs. Variable diet of early sheep suggests management at the household level, while thereafter progressive dietary divergence of sheep and goats implies their separate herding. Until the Old Palace phase (early 2nd millennium bce), urban growth was matched by increasingly extensive and probably distant cultivation and herding but somewhat more intensive conditions during the New and Final Palace phases (mid-2nd millennium bce) perhaps reflect greater reliance on surplus from prime land of previously rival centres that now came under Knossian control.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Changements dans l’utilisation des terres et économie politique au Néolithique et à l’âge du Bronze à Cnossos, Crète : analyse des isotopes stables du carbone (δ 13 C) et de l’azote (δ 15 N) des graines cultivées carbonisées et du collagène des ossements animaux, par V. Isaakidou, P. Halstead, E. Stroud, A. Sarpaki, E. Hatzaki, E. Nitsch et A. Bogaard

Les fouilles de Cnossos ont mis au jour des archives fauniques et archéobotaniques couvrant le Néolithique et l’âge du Bronze (VIIe–IIe millénaires av. n. è.), au cours desquels l’un des plus anciens établissements agraires connus en Europe s’est développé́ en un premier centre urbain majeur et en siège de l’un des premiers états régionaux. Grâce à l’analyse des isotopes stables (δ13C, δ15N) des graines et des os (comme témoins des conditions de croissance des céréales et des légumineuses et des types de fourrage consommés par le bétail), l’utilisation des terres et, finalement, l’économie politique sont explorées. L’évolution des conditions de cultivation et d’élevage surpasse les effets de l’aridification à long terme. Les premiers agriculteurs de Cnossos (VIIe–VIe millénaires av. n. è) pratiquaient la culture intensive des céréales et des légumineuses (probablement en rotation), étroitement intégrée (comme source fumée de fourrage) à l’élevage du bétail. Du Néolithique Récent à l’âge du Bronze, l’expansion de l’établissement cnossien s’accompagne d’une agriculture plus extensive (éventuellement sans rotation des céréales et des légumineuses) et d’une plus grande utilisation des pâturages naturels et, dans le cas de chèvres, du broutage. Les pâturages sur les terres cultivées restaient cependant essentiels à l’entretien des moutons, des bovins et des porcs. Le régime alimentaire variable des premiers moutons suggère une gestion au niveau du foyer, tandis que la divergence alimentaire progressive des moutons et des chèvres implique leur élevage séparé. Jusqu’à la phase du premier palais (début du IIe millénaire av. n. è.), l’expansion urbaine s’est accompagnée d’une agriculture et d’un élevage de plus en plus étendus et probablement éloignés, mais des conditions un peu plus intensives pendant les phases du nouveau et du dernier palais (milieu du IIe millénaire av. n. è.) reflètent peut-être une plus grande dépendance à l’égard des surplus de terres fertiles de centres autrefois rivaux et désormais sous le contrôle des habitants de Cnossos.

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Veränderte Landnutzung und politische Ökonomie im neolithischen und bronzezeitlichen Knossos, Kreta: Die Analyse stabiler Kohlenstoff- (δ 13 C) und Stickstoffisotope (δ 15 N) an verkohltem Körner von Kulturpflanzen und Tierknochenkollagen, von V. Isaakidou, P. Halstead, E. Stroud, A. Sarpaki, E. Hatzaki, E. Nitsch und A. Bogaard

Ausgrabungen in Knossos lieferten tierisches und archäobotanisches Material aus dem Neolithikum und der Bronzezeit (7. bis 2. Jahrtausend bce), jenem Zeitraum, in dem sich eine der frühesten bekannten bäuerlichen Siedlungen Europas zu der ersten großen städtischen Siedlung in Europa und zum Zentrum eines seiner ältesten Regionalstaaten entwickelte. Anhand der Analyse stabiler Isotope (δ13C, δ15N) von Samen und Knochen (als Hinweis auf die Anbaubedingungen von Getreide und Hülsenfrüchten sowie für die vom Vieh verzehrten Futtermittelarten) werden die Landnutzung und letztlich die politische Ökonomie untersucht. Die veränderten Haltungsbedingungen überlagern die Auswirkungen der langfristigen Aridifizierung. Die frühen Bauern von Knossos (7.–6. Jahrtausend bce) bauten intensiv Getreide und Hülsenfrüchte an (vermutlich in Fruchtfolge), die eng verbunden waren mit der Viehzucht (als gedüngte Futtermittel). Im Verlauf des späteren Neolithikums und der Bronzezeit ging das Siedlungswachstum einher mit einer extensiveren Bewirtschaftung (eventuell mit Getreide und Hülsenfrüchten nicht in Fruchtfolge) und einer verstärkten Nutzung von unbewirtschafteten Weideflächen sowie der Nutzung holziger Vegetation durch Ziegen. Weide auf Anbauflächen blieb jedoch zentral für die Haltung von Schafen, Rindern und Schweinen. Die variable Ernährung der frühen Schafe lässt auf eine Bewirtschaftung auf Haushaltsebene schließen, während die anschließende zunehmende Divergenz der Ernährung von Schafen und Ziegen deren getrennte Haltung impliziert. Bis zur Älteren Palastzeit (frühes 2. Jahrtausend bce) ging das städtische Wachstum einher mit zunehmend extensivem und vermutlich räumlich distanziertem Ackerbau und Viehhaltung, aber etwas intensivere Bedingungen während der Neueren und Finalen Palastzeit (Mitte 2. Jahrtausend) reflektieren vielleicht einen größeren Rückgriff auf Überschüsse von hochwertigem Land von zuvor rivalisierenden Zentren, die nun unter die Kontrolle von Knossos gekommen waren.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Modificaciones en el uso del suelo y en la política económica durante el Neolítico y la Edad del Bronce en Knossos, Creta: análisis de isótopos estables de carbono (δ 13 C) y nitrógeno (δ 15 N) de granos de cultivo carbonizados y colágeno de huesos animales, por V. Isaakidou, P. Halstead, E. Stroud, A. Sarpaki, E. Hatzaki, E. Nitsch y A. Bogaard

Las excavaciones en Knossos han permitido documentar conjuntos faunísticos y arqueobotánicos que abarcan desde el Neolítico a la Edad del Bronce (VII–II milenios bce), durante los cuales uno de los primeros asentamientos agrícolas conocidos en Europa se convierte en el primer asentamiento urbano y centro de uno de los estados regionales más antiguos. A través del análisis de isótopos estables (δ13C, δ15N) de semillas y huesos de fauna (como evidencia de las condiciones de gestión de los cereales y legumbres cultivados y para establecer los tipos de forraje consumidos por el ganado) se exploran el uso de la tierra y, por último, la economía política. Las condiciones cambiantes del cultivo y de la ganadería sobreescriven cualquier efecto de los procesos de aridificación a largo plazo. Los primeros agricultores de Knossos (VII–VI milenio bce) cultivaban de forma intensiva cereales y legumbres (probablemente en rotación) que fueron estrechamente integrados (como fuentes abonadas de forraje) con la ganadería. A lo largo del Neolítico final y de la Edad del Bronce, el asentamiento aumentó de tamaño acompañado de un cultivo más extensivo (eventualmente con cereales y legumbres sin rotación) y un mayor uso de los pastizales pobres y, para las cabras, de ramoneo. El pasto en las tierras cultivadas, no obstante, fue un aspecto crucial para el mantenimiento de la oveja, el ganado vacuno y los cerdos. La variada dieta de las primeras ovejas sugiere una gestión a nivel doméstico, mientras que una progresiva divergencia en la alimentación de las ovejas y cabras implica actividades de pastoreo independientes. Hasta la fase Old Palace (principios del II milenio bce), el crecimiento urbano estuvo unido a cultivo y pastoreo cada vez más extensivos y probablemente más distantes, pero de alguna manera las condiciones más intensivas durante las fases New y Final Palace (mediados del II milenio bce) refleja quizá una mayor dependencia de los excedentes primarios de la tierra de los centros que previamente eran rivales y que ahora se encuentran bajo control de Knossos.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Prehistoric Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

In memoriam: John D. Evans, Sinclair Hood, & Mervyn Popham

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abell, J.T., Quade, J., Duru, G., Mentzer, S.M., Stiner, M.C., Uzdurum, M. & Özbaşaran, M. 2019. Urine salts elucidate Early Neolithic animal management at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey. Science Advances 5(4), eaaw0038 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreou, S. 2010. Northern Aegean. In Cline, E.H. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean, 643–59. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Aufgebauer, A., Panagiotopoulos, K., Wagner, B., Schaebitz, F., Viehberg, F.A., Vogel, H., Zanchetta, G., Sulpizio, R., Leng, M.J. & Damaschke, M. 2012. Climate and environmental change in the Balkans over the last 17 ka recorded in sediments from Lake Prespa (Albania/F.Y.R. of Macedonia/Greece). Quaternary International 274, 122–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badal, E. & Ntinou, M. 2013. Wood charcoal analysis: The local vegetation. In Efstratiou, N., Karetsou, A. & Ntinou, M. (eds), The Neolithic Settlement of Knossos in Crete: New evidence for the early occupation of Crete and the Aegean islands, 95118. Philadelphia PA: INSTAP Academic Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balasse, M. & Tresset, A. 2002. Early weaning of Neolithic domestic cattle (Bercy, France) revealed by intra-tooth variation in Nitrogen isotope ratios. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 853–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, R.H.V. 1971. A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. Scientific American 225, 8693 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennet, J. 1985. The structure of the Linear B administration at Knossos. American Journal of Archaeology 89, 231–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennet, J. 1988. ‘Outside in the distance’: problems in understanding the economic geography of Mycenaean palatial territories. In Olivier, J.-P. & Palaima, T.G. (eds), Texts, Tablets and Scribes, 1941. Salamanca: University of Salamanca Google Scholar
Bennet, J. 2008. ‘Now you see it; now you don’t!’: The disappearance of the Linear A script on Crete. In Baines, J., Bennet, J. & Houston, S. (eds), The Disappearance of Writing Systems: Perspectives on literacy and communication, 129. London: Equinox Google Scholar
Bennet, J. 2012. Bronze Age Greece. In Bang, P. & Scheidel, W. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 235–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Bennet, J. & Halstead, P. 2014. O-no! Writing and righting redistribution. In Nakassis, D., Gulizio, J. & James, S.A. (eds), KE-RA-ME-JA: Studies presented to Cynthia Shelmerdine, 271–82. Philadelphia PA: INSTAP Academic Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergmeier, E. 2008. Diversity of aestival plant communities of irrigated garden croplands in Cretan villages. Braunschweiger Geobotanische Arbeiten 9, 6580 Google Scholar
Blakolmer, F. 2016. Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo? Character, symbolism and hierarchy of animals and supernatural creatures in Minoan and Mycenaean iconography. Creta Antica 17, 97183 Google Scholar
Bogaard, A. 2005. ‘Garden agriculture’ and the nature of early farming in Europe and the Near East. World Archaeology 37, 177–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottema, S. 1980. Palynological investigations on Crete. Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology 31, 193217 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottema, S. & Sarpaki, A. 2003. Environmental change in Crete: A 9000-year record of Holocene vegetation history and the effect of the Santorini eruption. The Holocene 13(5), 733–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broodbank, C. 1992. The Neolithic labyrinth: Social change at Knossos before the Bronze Age. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 5(1), 3975 Google Scholar
Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. & Vasilakis, A. (eds) 2004. Knossos: City, palace, state. London: British School at Athens Google Scholar
Childe, V.G. 1950. The urban revolution. Town Planning Review 21(1), 317 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christakis, K.S. 2008. The Politics of Storage: Storage and sociopolitical complexity in Neopalatial Crete. Philadelphia PA: INSTAP Academic Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, J., Brooks, N., Banning, E.B., Bar-Matthews, M., Campbell, S., Clare, L., Cremaschi, M., di Lernia, S., Drake, N., Gallinaro, M., Manning, S., Nicoll, K., Philip, G., Rosen, S., Schoop, U.-D., Tafuri, M.A., Weninger, B. & Zerboni, A. 2016. Climatic changes and social transformations in the Near East and North Africa during the ‘long’ 4th millennium BC: A comparative study of environmental and archaeological evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 136, 96121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutler, J. & Whitelaw, T. 2019. The Knossos Urban Landscape Project, 2005–16: Neopalatial and Mycenaean Knossos: Urban expansion and collapse. In Mitsotaki et al. (eds) 2019. https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/808 Google Scholar
Dimopoulos, P., Tsiripidis, I., Bergmeier, E., Fotiadis, G., Theodoropoulos, K., Raus, T., Panitsa, M., Kallimanis, A.S., Sýkora, K.V. & Mucina, L. 2012. Towards the Hellenic National Vegetation Database: VegHellas. Plant Sociology 492, 81–7Google Scholar
Dormoy, I., Peyron, O., Combourieu Nebout, N., Goring, S., Kotthoff, U., Magny, M., & Pross, J. 2009. Terrestrial climate variability and seasonality changes in the Mediterranean region between 15 000 and 4000 years BP deduced from marine pollen records. Climate of the Past 5(4), 615–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douka, K., Efstratiou, N., Hald, M.M., Henriksen, P.S. & Karetsou, A. 2017. Dating Knossos and the arrival of the earliest Neolithic in the southern Aegean. Antiquity 91, 304–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driesch, A. von den & Boessneck, J. 1990. Die Tierreste von der mykenischen Burg Tiryns bei Nafplion/Peloponnes. In Weisshaar, H.-J., Weber-Hiden, I., von den Driesch, A., Boessneck, J., Rieger, A. & Böser, W., Tiryns Forschungen und Berichte 11, 87164. Mainz am Rhein: von Zabern Google Scholar
Evans, J.D. 1968. Knossos Neolithic, Part ii, summary and conclusions. Annual of the British School at Athens 63, 267–76Google Scholar
Evans, J.D. 1971. Neolithic Knossos: The growth of a settlement. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37, 95117 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finné, M., Woodbridge, J., Labuhn, I. & Roberts, C.N. 2019. Holocene hydro-climatic variability in the Mediterranean: A synthetic multi-proxy reconstruction. The Holocene 29(5), 847–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forge, A. 1972. Normative factors in the settlement size of neolithic cultivators (New Guinea). In Ucko, P.J., Tringham, R. & Dimbleby, G.W. (eds), Man, Settlement and Urbanism, 363–76. London: Duckworth Google Scholar
Ghilardi, M., Psomiadis, D., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Colleu, M., Sotiropoulos, P., Longo, F., Rossi, A., Amato, V., Gasse, F., Sinibaldi, L., Renard, M., Bicket, A., Delanghe, D., Demory, F. & Fleury, J. 2018. First evidence of a lake at ancient Phaistos (Messara plain, south-central Crete, Greece): Reconstructing paleoenvironments and differentiating the roles of human land-use and paleoclimate from Minoan to Roman times. The Holocene 28(8), 1225–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giamali, C., Koskeridou, E., Antonarakou, A., Ioakim, C., Kontakiotis, G., Karageorgis, A.P., Roussakis, G. & Karakitsios, V. 2019. Multiproxy ecosystem response of abrupt holocene climatic changes in the northeastern Mediterranean sedimentary archive and hydrologic regime. Quaternary Research (United States) 92(3), 121 Google Scholar
Gilman, A. 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current Anthropology 22, 18 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godart, L. 1971. Les tablettes de la série Co de Cnossos. Minos 12, 418–24Google Scholar
Godart, L. 1977. Les ressources des palais mycéniens de Cnossos et Pylos. Les Études Classiques 45, 3142 Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1981a. Counting sheep in Neolithic and Bronze Age Greece. In Hodder, I., Isaac, G. & Hammond, N. (eds), Pattern of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clarke, 307–39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1981b. From determinism to uncertainty: social storage and the rise of the Minoan Palace. In Sheridan, A. & Bailey, G. (eds), Economic Archaeology, 187213. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 96Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1989. The economy has a normal surplus: economic stability and social change among early farming communities of Thessaly, Greece. In Halstead, P. & J. O.’Shea (eds), Bad Year Economics, 6880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. 1992. Agriculture in the Bronze Age Aegean: Towards a model of palatial economy. In Wells, B. (ed.), Agriculture in Ancient Greece: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 105–16. Stockholm: Swedish Institute at Athens Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1995. From sharing to hoarding: The Neolithic foundations of Aegean Bronze Age society? In Laffineur, R. & Niemeier, W.-D. (eds), Politeia: Society and state in the Aegean Bronze Age, 1120. Liège: Aegaeum 12Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1996. Pastoralism or household herding? Problems of scale and specialisation in early Greek animal husbandry. World Archaeology 28, 2042 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. 1999a. Towards a model of Mycenaean palatial mobilization. In Galaty, M.L. & Parkinson, W.A. (eds), Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces, 3541. Los Angeles CA: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1999b. Surplus and share-croppers: The grain production strategies of Mycenaean palaces. In Betancourt, P., Karageorghis, V., Laffineur, R. & Niemeier, W.-D. (eds), MELETHMATA. Studies presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as he enters his 65th year, 319–26. Liège: Aegaeum 20Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 2001. Mycenaean wheat, flax and sheep: Palatial intervention in farming and its implications for rural society. In Voutsaki, S. & Killen, J. (eds), Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States, 3850. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society supplementary vol. 27 Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 2002. Texts, bones and herders: Approaches to animal husbandry in Late Bronze Age Greece. Minos 33–4 (1998–99), 149–89Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 2014. Two Oxen Ahead: Pre-mechanized farming in the Mediterranean. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. 2018. Forest clearance and land use by early farmers in Europe: Insights from north Greek oral history. Quaternary International 496, 4250 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. 2019. This soil is mine and ours: Domestic and collective use rights in the Neolithic of Greece. In Kotsakis, K. (ed.), I Antipera Okhthi: Koinonikos khoros kai ideologia stis proistorikes koinotites, 5770. Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Google Scholar
Halstead, P. & Isaakidou, V. 2011. A pig fed by hand is worth two in the bush: ethnoarchaeology of pig husbandry in Greece and its archaeological implications. In Albarella, U. & Trentacoste, A. (eds), Ethnozooarchaeology: The present and past of human–animal relationships, 160–74. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. & Isaakidou, V. 2017. Sheep, sacrifices and symbols: Animals in Bronze Age Greece. In Albarella, U., Rizzetto, M., Russ, H., Vickers, K. & Viner, S. (eds), Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology, 113–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Halstead, P. & Isaakidou, V. 2020. Pioneer farming in earlier Neolithic Greece. In Gron, K.J., Sørensen, L. & Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds), Farmers at the Frontier: A pan-European perspective on neolithization, 77100. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P. & Isaakidou, V. 2021. Representations of palatial staple finance in the Late Bronze Age southern Aegean: The ‘Harvester Vase’ from Agia Triadha and the gold sheet with relief procession from Peristeria. In Bennet, J. (ed.), Representations: Material and immaterial modes of communication in the Bronze Age Aegean, 3151. Oxford: Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halstead, P., Bogaard, A. & Jones, G. in press. Staple grains in the southern Aegean Bronze Age: archaeobotanical, textual and ethnographic insights. In Valamoti, S.M., Dimoula, A. & Ntinou, M. (eds), Cooking with Plants in Ancient Europe and Beyond: Interdisciplinary approaches to the archaeology of plant foods. Leiden: Sidestone Press Google Scholar
Hatzaki, E. 2017. To be or not to be in LM IIIB Knossos. How long is a century? In Langohr, C. (ed.), Late Minoan IIIB Pottery: Relative chronology and regional differences, 5377. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain Google Scholar
Hood, S. & Smyth, D. 1981. Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area. London: British School at Athens Google Scholar
Houérou, H.N. Le 1977. Plant sociology and ecology applied to grazing lands research, survey and management in the Mediterranean basin. In Krause, W. (ed.), Handbook of Vegetation Science 13: Application of vegetation science to grassland husbandry, 211–74. The Hague: Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houérou, H.N. Le 1994. Forage halophytes and salt-tolerant fodder crops in the Mediterranean basin. In Squires, V.R. & Ayoub, A.T. (eds), Halophytes as a Resource for Livestock and for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands, 123–37. Dordrecht: Kluwer CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, R.N.L.B. 1995. Fallow deer in prehistoric Greece, and the analogy between faunal spectra and pollen analyses. Antiquity 69, 527–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaakidou, V. 2005. Bones from the Labyrinth: Faunal evidence for the management and consumption of animals at Neolithic and Bronze Age Knossos, Crete. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College LondonGoogle Scholar
Isaakidou, V. 2006. Ploughing with cows: Knossos and the ‘secondary products revolution’. In Serjeantson, D. & Field, D. (eds), Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe, 95112. Oxford: Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 7Google Scholar
Isaakidou, V. 2007. Cooking in the labyrinth: Exploring ‘cuisine’ at Bronze Age Knossos. In Mee, C. & Renard, J. (eds), Cooking Up the Past: Food and culinary practices in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean, 524. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Isaakidou, V. 2008. The fauna and economy of Neolithic Knossos revisited. In V. Isaakidou & P. Tomkins (eds) 2008, 90–114Google Scholar
Isaakidou, V. 2011. Gardening with cows: Hoe and plough in prehistoric Europe. In Hadjikoumis, A., Robinson, E.N. & Viner, S. (eds), The Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe, 90112. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaakidou, V. & Tomkins, P. (eds.) 2008. Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in context. Oxford: Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8Google Scholar
Isaakidou, V., Styring, A., Halstead, P., Nitsch, E., Stroud, E., le Roux, P., Lee-Thorp, J. & Bogaard, A. 2019. From texts to teeth: A multi-isotope study of sheep and goat herding practices in the Late Bronze Age (‘Mycenaean’) polity of Knossos, Crete. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23, 3656 Google Scholar
Jackson, J. 1977. The annual diet of the fallow deer (Dama dama) in the New Forest, Hampshire, as determined by rumen content analysis. Journal of Zoology, London 181, 465–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarman, M.R. 1996. Human influence in the development of the Cretan fauna. In Reese, D.S. (ed.), Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers, 211–29. Madison WI: Prehistory Press Google Scholar
Jarman, M.R. & Jarman, H.N. 1968. The fauna and economy of Early Neolithic Knossos. Annual of the British School at Athens 63, 241–64Google Scholar
Jarman, M.R., Bailey, G.N. & Jarman, H.N. (eds) 1982. Early European Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Jones, G. 1984. Appendix 1: The LMII plant remains. In Popham, 303–6Google Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1964. The wool industry of Crete in the Late Bronze Age. Annual of the British School at Athens 59, 115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1977. The Knossos texts and the geography of Mycenaean Crete. In Bintliff, J.L. (ed.), Mycenaean Geography, 40–7. Cambridge: British Association for Mycenaean StudiesGoogle Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1993. The oxen’s names on the Knossos Ch tablets. Minos 27–8, 101–7Google Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1994. Thebes sealings, Knossos tablets and Mycenaean state banquets. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39, 6784 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1995. A-ma e-pi-ke-re. Minos 29–30, 329–33Google Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1999. Mycenaean o-pa . In Deger-Jalkotzy, S., Hiller, S., Panagl, O. & Nightingale, G. (eds), Floreant Studia Mycenaea: Akten des 10 mykenologischen Kolloquiums 1995, Salzburg, 325–41. Salzburg: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Google Scholar
Killen, J.T. 2008. Mycenaean economy. In Duhoux, Y. & Morpurgo Davies, A. (eds), A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world, volume 1, 159200. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters Google Scholar
Kotsakis, K. 2006. Settlement of discord: Sesklo and the emerging household. In Tasić, N. & Grozdanov, C. (eds), Homage to Milutin Garašanin, 207–20. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Macedonian Academy of Sciences & Arts Google Scholar
Lane, M.F. 2004. Names and Numbers: an inquiry into scribal practice at Late Bronze Age Pylos in the south-western Peloponnese. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Legarra Herrero, B. 2019. The Knossos Urban Landscape Project, 2005–16: Knossos from the Neolithic to the end of the Prepalatial period. In Mitsotaki et al. (eds) 2019. https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/799 Google Scholar
Livarda, A. & Kotzamani, G. 2013. The archaeobotany of Neolithic and Bronze Age Crete: Synthesis and prospects. Annual of the British School at Athens 108, 129 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainland, I.L. & Halstead, P. 2005. The diet and management of domestic sheep and goats at Neolithic Makriyalos. In Davies, J., Fabiš, M., Mainland, I., Richards, M. & Thomas, R. (eds), Diet and Health in Past Animal Populations: Current research and future directions, 104–12. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Manning, S.W. 2017. Comments on climate, intra-regional variations, chronology, the 2200 B.C. horizon of change in the eastern Mediterranean region, and socio-political change on Crete. In Höflmayer, F. (ed.), The Late Third Millennium in the Ancient Near East: Chronology, C14, and climate change, 451–90. Chicago IL: Oriental Institute, University of Chicago Google Scholar
Mauri, A., Davis, B.A.S., Collins, P.M. & Kaplan, J.O. 2015. The climate of Europe during the Holocene: a gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its multi-proxy evaluation. Quaternary Science Reviews 112, 109–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melena, J.L. 1974. ku-pa-ro en las tablillas de Cnoso. Emerita 42, 307–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitsotaki, C., Tzedaki-Apostolaki, L. & Giannadaki, S. (eds) 2019. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies. Heraklion: Society of Cretan Historical Studies. https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/en/ Google Scholar
Molloy, B., Day, J., Bridgford, S., Isaakidou, V., Nodarou, E., Kotzamani, G., Milić, M., Carter, T., Westlake, P., Klontza-Jaklova, V., Larsson, E. & Hayden, B.J. 2014. Life and death of a Bronze Age house: Excavation of Early Minoan I levels at Priniatikos Pyrgos. American Journal of Archaeology 118, 307–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nitsch, E.K., Charles, M. & Bogaard, A. 2015. Calculating a statistically robust δ13C and δ15N offset for charred cereal and pulse seeds. STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research 1(1), 18 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nitsch, E.K., Jones, G., Sarpaki, A., Hald, M.M. & Bogaard, A. 2019. Farming practice and land management at Knossos, Crete: new insights from δ13C and δ15N analysis of Neolithic and Bronze Age crop remains. In Garcia, D., Orgeolet, R., Pomadère, M. & Zurbach, J. (eds), Country in the City: Agricultural functions of protohistoric urban settlements (Aegean and Western Mediterranean), 159–73. Oxford: Archaeopress Google Scholar
Nitsch, E., Andreou, S., Creuzieux, A., Gardeisen, A., Halstead, P., Isaakidou, V., Karathanou, A., Kotsachristou, D., Nikolaidou, D., Papanthimou, A., Petridou, C., Triantaphyllou, S., Valamoti, S.M., Vasileiadou, A. & Bogaard, A. 2017. A bottom-up view of food surplus: using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to investigate agricultural strategies and food webs at Bronze Age Archontiko and Thessaloniki Toumba, northern Greece. World Archaeology 49(1), 105–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, R. 1995. Linear A commodities: a comparison of resources. In Laffineur, R. & Niemeier, W.-D. (eds), Politeia: Society and state in the Aegean Bronze Age, 133–55. Liège: Aegaeum 12 Google Scholar
Palmer, R. 2008. Wheat and barley in Mycenaean society 15 years later. In Sacconi, A., Del Freo, M., Godart, L. & Negri, M. (eds), Colloquium Romanum: atti del xii colloquio internazionale di micenologia, Roma, 20–25 febbraio 2006, vol. 2, 621–39. Pisa, Roma: Fabrizio Serra Google Scholar
Palmer, R. 2012. Deer in the Pylos tablets. In Carlier, P., De Lamberterie, C., Egetmeyer, M., Guilleux, N., Rougemont, F. & Zurbach, J. (eds), Études mycéniennes 2010. Actes du xiiie colloque international sur les textes égéens, Sèvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20–23 septembre 2010, 357–82. Pisa, Roma: Fabrizio Serra Google Scholar
Popham, M.R. 1984. The Unexplored Mansion at Knossos. London: British School at Athens Google Scholar
Price, G.C., Krigbaum, J. & Shelton, K. 2017. Stable isotopes and discriminating tastes: Faunal management practices at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Mycenae, Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14, 116–26Google Scholar
Privitera, S. 2014. Long-term grain storage and political economy in Bronze Age Crete: Contextualising Ayia Triada’s silo complexes. American Journal of Archaeology 118, 429–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putman, R.J., Culpin, S. & Thirgood, S.J. 1993. Dietary differences between male and female fallow deer in sympatry and in allopatry. Journal of Zoology, London 229, 267–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rackham, O. & Moody, J. 1996. The Making of the Cretan Landscape. Manchester: Manchester University Press Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: MethuenGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1982. Polity and power. In Renfrew, C. & Wagstaff, M. (eds.), An Island Polity. The archaeology of exploitation in Melos, 264–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Riehl, S., Pustovoytov, K.E., Weippert, H., Klett, S. & Hole, F. 2014. Drought stress variability in ancient Near Eastern agricultural systems evidenced by δ13C in barley grain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(34), 12348–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, N. 1979. The location and environment of Knossos. Annual of the British School at Athens 74, 231–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, S.J., Smith, C.I., Millard, A. & Collins, M.J. 2002. The taphonomy of cooked bone: characterizing boiling and its physico-chemical effects. Archaeometry 44(3), 485–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodière, É., Bocherens, H., Angibault, J.-M. & Mariotti, A. 1996. Particularités isotopiques de l’azote chez le chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus L.): Implications pour les reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 323, 179–85Google Scholar
Sarpaki, A. 2012. The taming of an island environment: Crete from dawn to noon (Neolithic to the end of the Bronze Age). In Cadogan, G., Iacovou, M., Kopaka, K. & Whitley, J. (eds), Parallel Lives: Ancient island societies in Crete and Cyprus, 3545. London: British School at Athens Studies 20 Google Scholar
Sarpaki, A. 2013. The economy of Neolithic Knossos: the archaeobotanical data. In Efstratiou, N., Karetsou, A. & Ntinou, M. (eds), The Neolithic Settlement of Knossos in Crete: New evidence for the early occupation of Crete and the Aegean islands, 6394. Philadelphia PA: INSTAP Academic Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarpaki, A. & Jones, G. 1990. Ancient and modern cultivation of Lathyrus clymenum L. in the Greek islands. Annual of the British School at Athens 85, 363–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, M.C. 1993. The Aegean garden. American Journal of Archaeology 97(4), 661–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelmerdine, C.W. 2008. Background, sources and methods. In Shelmerdine, C.W. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherratt, A.G. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World Archaeology 15, 90104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Styring, A.K., Knipper, C., Müller-Scheeßel, N., Grupe, G. & Bogaard, A. 2018. The proof is in the pudding: crop isotope analysis provides direct insights into agricultural production and consumption. Environmental Archaeology. doi: 10.1080/14614103.2018.1497832 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Styring, A.K., Carmona, C.U., Isaakidou, V., Karathanou, A., Nicholls, G.K., Sarpaki, A. & Bogaard, A. in press. Urban form and scale shaped the agroecology of early ‘cities’ in northern Mesopotamia, the Aegean and central Europe. Journal of Agrarian Change 22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Styring, A.K., Fraser, R.A., Arbogast, R.-M., Halstead, P., Isaakidou, V., Pearson, J.A., Schäfer, M., Triantaphyllou, S., Valamoti, S.M., Wallace, M., Bogaard, A. & Evershed, R.P. 2015. Refining human palaeodietary reconstruction using amino acid δ15N values of plants, animals and humans. Journal of Archaeological Science 53, 504–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Styring, A.K., Charles, M., Fantone, F., Hald, M.M., McMahon, A., Meadow, R.H., Nicholls, G.K., Patel, A.K., Pitre, M.C., Smith, A., Sołtysiak, A., Stein, G., Weber, J.A., Weiss, H. & Bogaard, A. 2017. Isotope evidence for agricultural extensification reveals how the world’s first cities were fed. Nature Plants 3, 17076 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykes, N., Ayton, G., Bowen, F., Baker, K., Baker, P., Carden, R.F., Dicken, C., Evans, J., Hoelzel, A.R., Higham, T.F.G., Jones, R., Lamb, A., Liddiard, R., Madgwick, R., Miller, H., Rainsford, C., Sawyer, P., Thomas, R., Ward, C. & Worley, F. 2016. Wild to domestic and back again: the dynamics of fallow deer management in medieval England (c. 11th–16th century AD). STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research 2(1), 113–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodoridis, N., Voulgaris, K. & Papastergiou, K. 2008. Rhodian fallow deer: special characteristics, impact of wildfires, livestock grazing and poaching. In K.Th. Mantzanas & V.P. Papanastasis (eds), Range Science and Protected Areas, Proceedings of the 6th Panhellenic Rangeland Congress in Leonidio Arcadia Peloponnesus, 2–4 October 2008, 241–7. Thessaloniki: Hellenic Pasture & Range Society/Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Directorate General for the Development & Protection of Forests & Natural EnvironmentGoogle Scholar
Thirgood, S.J. 1995. The effects of sex, season and habitat availability on patterns of habitat use by fallow deer (Dama dama). Journal of Zoology, London 235, 645–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomkins, P. 2004. Filling in the ‘Neolithic background’: social life and social transformation in the Aegean before the Bronze Age. In Barrett, J.C. & Halstead, P. (eds), The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited, 3863. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Tomkins, P. 2007. Neolithic: Strata IX–VII, VII–VIB, VIA–V, IV, IIIB, IIIA, IIB, IIA and IC groups. In Momigliano, N. (ed.), Knossos Pottery Handbook: Neolithic and Bronze Age (Minoan), 948. London: British School at Athens Studies 14Google Scholar
Tomkins, P. 2008. Time, space and the reinvention of the Cretan Neolithic. In Isaakidou & Tomkins (eds) 2008, 21–48Google Scholar
Tomkins, P. 2012. Behind the horizon: reconsidering the genesis and function of the ‘First Palace’ at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV–Middle Minoan IB). In Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. & Driessen, J. (eds), Back to the Beginning: Reassessing social and political complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, 3280. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Tomkins, P. 2020. About time. Rehabilitating chronology in the interpretation of settlement in east Crete between the Neolithic and Early Minoan I. Creta Antica 19 (2018), 4592 Google Scholar
Tsafou, E. & García-Granero, J.J. 2021. Beyond staple crops: exploring the use of ‘invisible’ plant ingredients in Minoan cuisine through starch grain analysis on ceramic vessels. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13, 128 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsiros, I.X., Nastos, P., Proutsos, N.D. & Tsaousidis, A. 2020. Variability of the aridity index and related drought parameters in Greece using climatological data over the last century (1900–1997). Atmospheric Research 240, 104914 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaiglova, P., Bogaard, A., Collins, M., Cavanagh, W., Mee, C., Renard, J., Lamb, A., Gardeisen, A. & Fraser, R. 2014a. An integrated stable isotope study of plants and animals from Kouphovouno, southern Greece: a new look at Neolithic farming. Journal of Archaeological Science 42, 201–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaiglova, P., Snoeck, C., Nitsch, E., Bogaard, A. & Lee-Thorp, J. 2014b. Impact of contamination and pretreatment on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of charred plant remains. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 28(23), 2497–510CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaiglova, P., Halstead, P., Pappa, M., Triantaphyllou, S., Valamoti, S.M., Evans, J., Fraser, R., Karkanas, P., Kay, A., Lee-Thorp, J. & Bogaard, A. 2018. Of cattle and feasts: multi-isotope investigation of animal husbandry and communal feasting at Neolithic Makriyalos, northern Greece. PLoS ONE 13(6), e0194474 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaiglova, P., Gardeisen, A., Buckley, M., Cavanagh, W., Renard, J., Lee-Thorp, J. & Bogaard, A. 2020. Further insight into Neolithic agricultural management at Kouphovouno, southern Greece: expanding the isotopic approach. Archaeological & Anthropological Sciences 12(2), 43 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaiglova, P., Coleman, J., Diffey, C., Tzevelekidi, V., Fillios, M., Pappa, M., Halstead, P., Valamoti, S.M., Cavanagh, W., Renard, J., Buckley, M. & Bogaard, A. 2021. Exploring diversity in Neolithic agropastoral management in mainland Greece using stable isotope analysis. Environmental Archaeology. doi: 10.1080/14614103.2020.1867292 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valamoti, S.M. 2016. Millet, the late comer: on the tracks of Panicum miliaceum in prehistoric Greece. Archaeological & Anthropological Sciences 8(1), 5163 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valamoti, S.M. & Charles, M. 2005. Distinguishing food from fodder through the study of charred plant remains: an experimental approach to dung-derived chaff. Vegetation History & Archaeobotany 14(4), 528–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valamoti, S.M., Gkatzogia, E. & Ntinou, M. 2018. Did Greek colonisation bring olive growing to the north? An integrated archaeobotanical investigation of the spread of Olea europaea in Greece from the 7th to the 1st millennium bc . Vegetation History & Archaeobotany 27(1), 177–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanschoonwinkel, J. 1996. Les animaux dans l’art Minoen. In Reese, D.S. (ed.), Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers, 351412. Madison WI: Prehistory Press Google Scholar
Wallace, M., Jones, G., Charles, M., Fraser, R., Halstead, P., Heaton, T.H.E. & Bogaard, A. 2013. Stable carbon isotope analysis as a direct means of inferring crop water status and water management practices. World Archaeology 45(3), 388409 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2001. From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan urbanism. In Branigan, K. (ed.), Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age, 1537. London: Sheffield Academic Press Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2004. Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos. In Cadogan et al. (eds) 2004, 147–58Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2012. The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation. In Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. & Driessen, J. (eds), Back to the Beginning: Reassessing social and political complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, 114–76. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2019. Feeding Knossos: exploring economic and logistical implications of urbanism on prehistoric Crete. In Garcia, D., Orgeolet, R., Pomadère, M. & Zurbach, J. (eds), Country in the City: Agricultural functions of protohistoric urban settlements (Aegean and Western Mediterranean), 88121. Oxford: Archaeopress CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitelaw, T., Bredaki, M. & Vasilakis, A. 2019. The long-term dynamics of Knossos in context. In Mitsotaki et al. (eds) 2019. https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/816 Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J. 1994. The structure and dynamics of dry-farming states in Upper Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology 35, 483505 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xanthoudidis, S.A. 1918. Poimenika Kritis. Lexigrafikon Arkheion 5, 267323 Google Scholar
Yiakoulaki, M.D. & Papanastasis, V.P. 2005. Diet selection of sheep and goats grazing on cereal stubble in northern Greece. In Alcaide, E.M., Salem, H.B., Biala, K. & Morand-Fehr, P. (eds), Sustainable Grazing, Nutritional Utilization and Quality of Sheep and Goat Products, 245–50. Zaragoza: Options Méditerranéennes Série A, Séminaires Méditerranéens 67Google Scholar
Zidon, R., Leschner, H., Motro, U. & Saltz, D. 2017. Endozoochory by the Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) reintroduced in Israel: Species richness and germination success. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 63(1), 2834 Google Scholar
Zohary, M. & Orshan, G. 1965. An outline of the geobotany of Crete. Israel Journal of Botany 14 (supplement), 149 Google Scholar
Zurbach, J. 2005. Les grandes institutions et la terre dans la société mycénienne. Cahier de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d'égyptologie de Lille 25, 313–28Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 1

Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 1

Download Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 1(PDF)
PDF 1.2 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 2

Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 2

Download Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 2(PDF)
PDF 182.5 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 3

Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 3

Download Isaakidou et al. supplementary material 3(PDF)
PDF 229.5 KB