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Some early pottery of Samos, Kalimnos and Chios

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2014

Audrey Furness
Affiliation:
University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge

Extract

It is generally recognized that the neolithic arts, and prominent among them, the art of making pottery, spread from a Mesopotamian or Syrian centre westwards into Anatolia, the Aegean and so to the Danube: but in the present light of knowledge it is far from easy to demonstrate this process by means of comparisons of the earliest known pottery in each area. In particular the immediate origins of the Greek neolithic wares are obscure; and while they have good parallels in the Balkans, geographical considerations lead one to suppose that the Balkan cultures were derivatives of, rather than ancestral to, cultures of, for example, the North Aegean sea-board. In these circumstances, links between neolithic Macedonia and sites further east are of special interest. In this paper it is hoped to show, through a detailed comparative study of material from Samos, Kalimnos and Chios, that there existed in these East Aegean Islands a culture related to the earliest civilizations of Troy and Thermi (fig. 1), but which also exhibits parallels to Heurtley's ‘Late Neolithic’ material in Macedonia.

The pottery from the lowest levels of Poliokhni in Lemnos almost certainly belongs to the series now to be described. The site, excavated throughout many seasons by the Italians, revealed three or more distinct strata beneath a level corresponding with early Troy I; but there are not many notices of it available and no illustrations or photographs. The recent publication by Brea in these Proceedings gives few details of the relevant levels.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1957

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References

page 174 note 1 AA, 1932, 166 f.; 1933, 245 f.; 1934, 181 f.; 1935, 234 f.; 1936, 154 f.; 1937, 167 f.; PPS, XXI, 144 ff.

page 174 note 2 AM LX, 112 ff.

page 174 note 3 AM, LX, 123.

page 185 note 1 AS, 4, 220.

page 186 note 1 AM, LX, 186, fig. 2; pl. 28, 8, 9; pl. 29, 2, 3; pl. 30, 1–4, 8; pl. 31, 1–3; pl. 33, 5; pl. 34, 3, 4; pl. 38, 5; pl. 66, 2, 5.

page 186 note 2 Thermi, 209.

page 187 note 1 OIP, XXVIII, 54, 57, pl. 11, 3, 5.

page 187 note 2 OIP, XXX, 418; and see also Fewkes' description of some neolithic wares in Yugoslavia; BASPR, XII, 5 ff.Google Scholar

page 187 note 3 BSA, XLIV, 262; BASPR, XII, 32 f.Google Scholar

page 187 note 4 BASPR, XVI, 16 f.Google Scholar, 27–46.

page 188 note 1 Olynthus, 34.

page 188 note 2 Clara Rhodos I, 104 ff.; Ann., VIII–IX, 235 ff.

page 190 note 1 Clara Rhodos I, 108, fig. 88.

page 191 note 1 Cf. Troy I, pl. 244, 23.

page 191 note 2 See also the fine incised sherds from Tigani mentioned on p. 186.

page 192 note 1 It has been suggested that there may have been a neolithic occupation of the Cycladic Islands (AJA, LV, 130 f.). Were this not so, it is strange that Melian obsidian should be found in neolithic contexts both on the mainland and at Knossos. Nevertheless, without putting undue faith on negative evidence, one may well wonder why the special attention paid to the Cyclades by archaeologists of every nationality during the past hundred years has not as yet unearthed a site of certain neolithic date if any such are to be found.

In 1930 there appeared short notices of ‘sub-neolithic’ material found by Welter at a settlement site on the outskirts of Naxia on Naxos (JHS, L, 244Google Scholar; AA, 1930, 134). In view of the obvious importance of the discovery I went to Naxos in 1950 in the hope of seeing some of Welter's finds now in the Museum: by good fortune, Dr N. Kontaleon, Ephor of Antiquities in the Cyclades, was then in course of excavating Welter's site more thoroughly, and most kindly allowed a brief examination of the finds.

The early material in question is found both on the seashore just outside Naxia, and opposite on the small islet known as Palatia; the narrow stretch of shallow water between probably covers some part of the site, which was occupied also in Mycenaean times. All the pre-Mycenaean pottery I saw I would refer to the Early Cycladic period, although coming from a settlement site it has not the characteristic gourd shapes and herring-bone ornament of the well-known Early Cycladic tomb groups. Sherds in a dark burnished fabric comparable to that of Thermi include parts of bowls with incurved rim, and of bowls with marked internal bevel on the rim, elongated horizontally perforated lugs apparently situated near the rim, and larger strap handles: the coarser fabrics, reddish and without burnish, include pieces with plastic ornament again reminiscent of Thermi. There was also part of an incised Cycladic ‘frying-pan’.

Considering the paucity of what is known of Early Cycladic domestic pottery, and the close correspondence of these wares to the Troy—Thermi series, it would be foolish until further evidence is brought forward to assign them to a phase earlier than the Early Bronze Age.

page 192 note 2 P. Mac., Catalogue no. 277, 278.

page 192 note 3 Troy I, pl. 266, 3, 6.

page 192 note 4 OIP, XXVIII, figs. 239–69.

page 192 note 5 OIP, XXVIII, fig. 255, 1.

page 192 note 6 Troy I, pl. 256, 68; pl. 262, 21; Thermi, pl. XIV, 3 bottom left, 4 left; CVA France, V, pl. 11, 27.

page 192 note 7 P.Mac., Catalogue no. 192, pl. XII.

page 193 note 1 BASPR, XVI, 17Google Scholar.

page 193 note 2 JHS, LXVII, 128Google Scholar.

page 193 note 3 Ann., VIII–IX, 235 ff.

page 193 note 4 ibid., fig. 82.

page 193 note 5 AS, 186 f.

page 194 note 1 AM, XIII, 183 f.; JHS, LVIII, 231Google Scholar; LIX, 203; AJA, XLIII, 131.

page 196 note 1 BSA, III, 45; AE, 1898, pl. 8, 2, 5, 7. 8.

page 196 note 2 Vessels in the Museum at Corinth.

page 197 note 1 AS, 4, 186 ff.

page 201 note 1 H. Z. Koşay, Ausgrabungen von Alaca Höyük, pl. LXXI, top row.

page 202 note 1 Although these grooved pieces tend to be coarse, there is no comparison with the special grooved class of Samos and Kalimnos described on pp. 186, 191, which is much thicker again, belongs to unusual types (i.e ‘libation tables’ and pedestalled ‘pot-stands’ at Tigani, and the object shown on Pl. XIX, 19 in Kalimnos) and has spiralmaeander patterns for which there are no parallels at Agio Gala.

page 203 note 1 Troy I, 60, A12; Thermi, 79; AM, LX, 151, p. 119.

page 203 note 2 Mellaart's observation that the development of lugs at Troy and Thermi is not the same is misleading (AS, 4, 197); the most common type at Thermi in Phase A is a tubular lug like those of early Troy I (see Thermi, 76); at both sites this type is succeeded by varieties of the trumpet-ended type in the later phases.

page 204 note 1 BSA, XLIV, 258 ff.

page 204 note 2 P. Mac., Catalogue nos. 105, 157 and figs. 19 a–c, 26 d, 30.

page 204 note 3 Dhimini and Sesklo, 229, figs. 123, 216, 217,; AM, LVII, pl. IV, 11; Asea, fig. 37 e.

page 204 note 4 Festos, fig. 47; MA, XIX, 150, fig. 6; BSA, XXXVIII, pl. V, 2, 38.

page 204 note 5 AJA, XLV, 566, note 24; BASPR, XVI, 46, 105Google Scholar.

page 204 note 6 Belleten, XII, pl. CVII; pl. C, fig. 37.

page 204 note 7 PZ, XXIII, III ff.; fig. 14, 3.

page 205 note 1 AS, 4, 194 ff., 202 ff.

page 206 note 1 Ilios, 665 f.; PZ, XXIII, 127, fig. 13; AJA, XXXIX, 33 f.; Studies, II, 62.

page 206 note 2 Koşay, H. and Sperling, J., ‘Troad’ da dört yerlesme yeri (Istanbul, 1936), 24Google Scholar.

page 206 note 3 Koşay and Sperling, op. cit., 41 bottom row.

page 206 note 4 Koşay and Sperling, op. cit., 41 top two rows, figs. 15–20.

page 206 note 5 PZ, XXIII, III.

page 208 note 1 AM, LX, 178.

page 208 note 2 As Bittel has already observed, the burnished sherds at Bozüyük are not comparable, AM, XXIV, 25; pl. III, 17; PFK, 31, note 4.

page 208 note 3 OIP, XXVIII, pl. III, 3.

page 208 note 4 Koşay, H. Z., Ausgrabungen von Alaca Höyük, 163Google Scholar.

page 209 note 1 Illustrated London News, 19 January 1952, 107Google Scholar.

page 209 note 2 BSA, X, 22, 200.