Bejarano, Christina E. 2013. The Latina Advantage: Gender, Race, and Political Success. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2004. “From Bi-Racial to Tri-Racial: Towards a New System of Racial Stratification in the USA.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (6): 931–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Nadia. 2014a. Sisters in the Statehouse: Black Women and Legislative Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Nadia. 2014b. “It’s More Than Hair…That’s Why You Should Care: The Politics of Appearance for Black Women State Legislators.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 2 (3): 295–312.Google Scholar

Brown, Nadia E., and Lemi, Danielle Casarez. 2020. “‘Life for Me Ain’t Been No Crystal Stair’: Black Women Candidates and the Democratic Party.” Boston University Law Review 100 (5): 1611–34.Google Scholar

Burge, Camille, Wamble, Julian J., and Cuomo, Rachel. 2020. “A Certain Type of Descriptive Representative? Understanding How the Skin Tone and Gender of Candidates Influences Black Politics.” Journal of Politics 82:1596–601. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butler, Daniel M., and Broockman, David E.. 2011. “Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (3): 463–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Canon, David T., and Posner, Richard A.. 1999. Race, Redistricting, and Representation: The Unintended Consequences of Black Majority Districts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Casellas, Jason P. 2010. Latino Representation in State Houses and Congresses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, Lauren. 2020. “The Fluidity of Racial Classifications.” Annual Review of Political Science 23:221–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dovi, Suzanne. 2002. “Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do?” American Political Science Review 96 (4): 729–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. London: Longman Classics Series.Google Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. 2003. Going Home: Black Representatives and Their Constituents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garcia, Jennifer, Lemi, Danielle Casarez, and Stout, Christopher. 2020. “Skin Tone, Descriptive Representation, and Substantive Representation.” Presented at the 2020 Western Political Science Association Meeting, May 21–23.Google Scholar

García Bedolla, Lisa. 2014. Latino Politics, 2nd edition. Boston: Polity.Google Scholar

Gay, Claudine. 2002. “Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship Between Citizens and Their Government.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (4): 717–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griffin, John D. 2014. “When and Why Minority Legislators Matter.” Annual Review of Political Science 17:327–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grose, Christian R. 2011. Congress in Black and White: Race and Representation in Washington and at Home. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hardy-Fanta, Carol, Lien, Pei-te, Pinderhughes, Dianne, and Sierra, Christine Marie. 2016. Contested Transformation: Race, Gender, and Political Leadership in 21st-Century America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Haywood, Jasmine M. 2017. “Anti-Black Latino Racism in an Era of Trumpismo.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 30 (10): 957–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

hooks, bell. 1991. “Essentialism and Experience.” American Literary History 3 (1): 172–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunter, Margaret. 2007. “The Persistent Problem of Colorism: Skin Tone, Status, and Inequality.” Sociology Compass 1 (1): 237–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krueger, Richard A., and Casey, Mary Anne. 2014. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, 5th edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.Google Scholar

Lee, Jennifer, and Bean, Frank. 2010. The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First-Century America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Lemi, Danielle Casarez. 2018. “Identity and Coalitions in a Multiracial Era: How State Legislators Navigate Race and Ethnicity.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6 (4): 725–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lemi, Danielle Casarez, and Brown, Nadia E.. 2019. “Melanin and Curls: Evaluation of Black Women Candidates.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 4 (2): 259–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lublin, David. 1999. “Racial Redistricting and African American Representation: A Critique of ‘Do Majority-Minority Districts Maximize Substantive Black Representation in Congress?’” American Political Science Review 93 (1): 183–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes.’” Journal of Politics 61 (3): 628–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Masuoka, Natalie. 2017. Multiracial Identity and Racial Politics in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Masuoka, Natalie, and Junn, Jane. 2013. The Politics of Belonging: Race, Public Opinion, and Immigration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minta, Michael D. 2011. Oversight: Representing the Interests of Blacks and Latinos in Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Minta, Michael D., and Sinclair-Chapman, Valeria. 2013. “Diversity in Political Institutions and Congressional Responsiveness to Minority Interests.” Political Research Quarterly 66 (1): 127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nadal, Kevin. 2019. “The Brown Asian Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities.” Asian American Policy Review 29:2–11.Google Scholar

Omi, Michael, and Winant, Howard. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J., Dickinson, Wendy B., Leech, Nancy L., and Zoran, Annmarie G.. 2009. “A Qualitative Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research.” International Institute for Qualitative Methodology 8 (3): 1–21.Google Scholar

Orey, Byron D’Andra, and Zhang, Yu. 2019. “Melanated Millennials and the Politics of Black Hair.” Social Science Quarterly 100 (6): 2458–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pitkin, Hannah. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rouse, Stella M. 2013. Latinos in the Legislative Process: Interests and Influence. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sen, Maya, and Wasow, Omar. 2016. “Race as a Bundle of Sticks: Designs That Estimate Effects of Seemingly Immutable Characteristics.” Annual Review of Political Science 19:499–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shah, Paru R., and Davis, Nicholas R.. 2017. “Comparing Three Methods of Measuring Race/Ethnicity.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 2:124–39.Google Scholar

Sims, Jennifer Patrice, Pirtle, Whitney Laster, and Johnson-Arnold, Iris. 2020. “Doing Hair, Doing Race: The Influence of Hairstyle on Racial Perception across the US.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 43 (12): 2099–119. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2019.1700296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spencer, Ranier. 1999. Spurious Issues: Race and Multiracial Identity Politics in the United States. Nashville, TN: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Spickard, Paul R. 1992. “The Illogic of American Racial Categories.” In Racially Mixed People in America, ed. Maria, P. P. Root, 12–23. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.Google Scholar

Swain, Carol. 1993. Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

TallBear, Kim. 2013. “Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science.” Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tate, Katherine. 2003. Black Faces in the Mirror: African Americans and Their Representatives in the U.S. Congress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Tyson, Vanessa. 2016. Twists of Fate: Multiracial Coalitions and Minority Representation in the US House of Representatives. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar