Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:16:49.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evidence of paleoecological changes and Mousterian occupations at the Galería de las Estatuas site, Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Iberian plateau, Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2017

Juan Luis Arsuaga ,
Asier Gómez-Olivencia ,
Nohemi Sala ,
Virginia Martínez-Pillado ,
Adrián Pablos ,
Alejandro Bonmatí ,
Ana Pantoja-Pérez ,
Jaime Lira-Garrido ,
Almudena Alcázar de Velasco  and
Ana Isabel Ortega
...Show all authors
Juan Luis Arsuaga
Affiliation:
Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain
Asier Gómez-Olivencia*
Affiliation:
Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, 3. 48013 Bilbao, Spain. Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, Centre National de la Research Scientifique, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, Paris 75016, France
Nohemi Sala
Affiliation:
Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain Grupo de Bioacústica y Paleoantropología. Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Virginia Martínez-Pillado
Affiliation:
Departamento Mineralogía y Petrología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain Geo-Q ARANZADI, Caserio Kortesanebarri, Barrio Mendibile, 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia)
Adrián Pablos
Affiliation:
Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain Grupo de Bioacústica y Paleoantropología. Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos 09002, Spain
Alejandro Bonmatí
Affiliation:
Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain
Ana Pantoja-Pérez
Affiliation:
Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain
Jaime Lira-Garrido
Affiliation:
Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain
Almudena Alcázar de Velasco
Affiliation:
Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain
Ana Isabel Ortega
Affiliation:
Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos 09002, Spain
Gloria Cuenca-Bescós
Affiliation:
Aragosaurus-IUCA, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Nuria García
Affiliation:
Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), Madrid 28029, Spain
Arantza Aranburu
Affiliation:
Departamento Mineralogía y Petrología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain Geo-Q ARANZADI, Caserio Kortesanebarri, Barrio Mendibile, 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia)
Blanca Ruiz-Zapata
Affiliation:
Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente Ed. Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain
María José Gil-García
Affiliation:
Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente Ed. Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain
Xosé Pedro Rodríguez-Álvarez
Affiliation:
Àrea de Prehistòria, Departamento d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35, Tarragona 43002, Spain Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edif. W3), Tarragona 43007, Spain
Andreu Ollé
Affiliation:
Àrea de Prehistòria, Departamento d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35, Tarragona 43002, Spain Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edif. W3), Tarragona 43007, Spain
Marina Mosquera
Affiliation:
Àrea de Prehistòria, Departamento d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35, Tarragona 43002, Spain Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edif. W3), Tarragona 43007, Spain
*
*Corresponding author at: Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. E-mail address: asier.gomezo@ehu.eus (A. Gómez-Olivencia).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Here we present a new site in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain): Galería de las Estatuas (GE), which provides new information about Mousterian occupations in the Iberian Plateau. The GE was an ancient entrance to the cave system, which is currently closed and sealed by a stalagmitic crust, below which a detritic sedimentary sequence of more than 2 m is found. This has been divided into five litostratigraphic units with a rich assemblage of faunal and lithic remains of clear Mousterian affinity. Radiocarbon dates provide minimum ages and suggest occupations older than 45 14C ka BP. The palynological analysis detected a landscape change to increased tree coverage, which suggests that the sequence recorded a warming episode. The macromammal assemblage is composed of both ungulates (mainly red deer and equids) and carnivores. Taphonomic analysis reveals both anthropic, and to a lesser extent, carnivore activities. The GE was occupied by Neanderthals and also sporadically by carnivores. This new site broadens the information available regarding different human occupations at the Sierra de Atapuerca, which emphasizes the importance of this site-complex for understanding human evolution in Western Europe.

Keywords

Middle PaleolithicNeanderthalIberian PeninsulaLate Pleistocene
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 88 , Issue 2 , September 2017 , pp. 345 - 367
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Achilli, A., Olivieri, A., Soares, P., Lancioni, H., Kashani, B.H., Perego, U.A., Nergadze, S.G., et al., 2012. Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, 2449–2454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcaraz-Castaño, M., Weniger, G.-C., Alcolea, J., de Andrés-Herrero, M., Baena, J., de Balbín, R., Bolin, V., et al., 2015. Regreso a la cueva de los Casares (Guadalajara). Un nuevo proyecto de investigación para el yacimiento del seno A. ARPI. Arqueología y Prehistoria del Interior Peninsular 2, 68–89.Google Scholar
Allué, E., Solé, A., Burguet-Coca, A., 2017. Fuel exploitation among Neanderthals based on the anthracological record from Abric Romaní (Capellades, NE Spain). Quaternary International 431A, 6–15.Google Scholar
Álvarez-Lao, D.J., Arsuaga, J.L., Baquedano, E., Pérez-González, A., 2013. Last Interglacial (MIS 5) ungulate assemblage from the Central Iberian Peninsula: the Camino Cave (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 374, 327–337.Google Scholar
Álvarez-Alonso, D., de Andrés-Herrero, M., Díez-Herrero, A., Medialdea, A., Rojo-Hernández, J., (inpress). Neanderthal settlement in central Iberia: geo-archaeological research in the Abrigo del Molino site, MIS 3 (Segovia, Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.05.027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Álvarez-Laó, D.J., García, N., 2011. Geographical distribution of Pleistocene cold-adapted large mammal faunas in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 233, 159–170.Google Scholar
Altuna, J., 1972. Fauna de mamíferos de los yacimientos prehistóricos de Guipúzcoa. Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia 24, 1–492.Google Scholar
Aranburu, A., Martínez-Pillado, V., García, F., Arsuaga, J.L., Alcázar de Velasco, A., Bonmatí, A., García, N., et al. 2012. La variabilidad de los rellenos endokársticos de la Galería de Estatuas (Atapuerca, Burgos) y su caracterización paleoambiental. In: González-Díez, A., Fernández-Maroto, G., Doughty, M.W., Remondo, J., Bruschi, V. M., Bonachea, J., Díaz de Terán, J.R. et al., (Eds.), Avances de la Geomorfología en España 2010–2012. Actas de la XII Reunión Nacional de Geomorfología (Santander, 17–20 septiembre de 2012. PUbliCan Ediciones. Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, pp. 397–400.Google Scholar
Arceredillo, D., 2016. Análisis paleobiológico de los ungulados del Pleistoceno Superior de Castilla y León (España). BAR publishing, Oxford.Google Scholar
Arceredillo, D., Gómez-Olivencia, A., García-Pérez, A., 2011. Three statistical methods for sex determination in extant and fossil caprines: assessment of the Rupicapra long bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 2450–2460.Google Scholar
Arnold, L.J., Demuro, M., Navazo, M., Benito-Calvo, A., Pérez-González, A., 2013. OSL dating of the Middle Palaeolithic Hotel California site, Sierra de Atapuerca, north-central Spain. Boreas 42, 285–305.Google Scholar
Arsuaga, J.L., Baquedano, E., Pérez-González, A., Sala, N., Quam, R.M., Rodríguez, L., García, R., et al., 2012. Understanding the ancient habitats of the last-interglacial (late MIS 5) Neanderthals of central Iberia: paleoenvironmental and taphonomic evidence from the Cueva del Camino (Spain) site. Quaternary International 275, 55–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arsuaga, J.L., Carretero, J.-M., Lorenzo, C., Gómez-Olivencia, A., Pablos, A., Rodríguez, L., García-González, R., et al., 2015. Postcranial morphology of the middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos, Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, 11524–11529.Google Scholar
Arsuaga, J.L., Lorenzo, C., Carretero, J.M., Gracia, A., Martínez, I., García, N., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Carbonell, E., 1999. A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain. Nature 399, 255–258.Google Scholar
Arsuaga, J.L., Martínez, I., Arnold, L.J., Aranburu, A., Gracia-Téllez, A., Sharp, W.D., Quam, R.M., et al., 2014. Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos. Science 344, 1358–1363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arsuaga, J.L., Martínez, I., Gracia, A., Carretero, J.M., Carbonell, E., 1993. Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. Nature 362, 534–537.Google Scholar
Arsuaga, J.L., Villaverde, V., Quam, R., Martínez, I., Carretero, J.M., Lorenzo, C., Gracia, A., 2007. New Neandertal remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 52, 31–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baquedano, E., Márquez, B., Pérez-González, A., Mosquera, M., Huguet, R., Espinosa, J.A., Sánchez-Romero, L., Panera, J., Arsuaga, J.L., 2011–2012. Neanderthales en el valle del Lozoya: los yacimientos paleolíticos del calvero de la Higuera (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid). Mainake XXXIII, 83–100.Google Scholar
Basabe, J.M., 1973. Metacarpiano humano de la cueva de Los Casares (Guadalajara). La Cueva de los Casares (en Riba de Saelices, Guadalajara). Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 76, 117–122.Google Scholar
Bate, D.M., 1928. The animal remains. In: Garrod, D.A.E., Buxton, L.H.D., Smith, G.E., Bate, D.M.A. (Eds.), Excavation of a Mousterian rock-shelter at devil’s tower, Gibraltar. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London, pp. 92–110.Google Scholar
Benito-Calvo, A., Pérez-González, A., 2015. Geomorphology of the Sierra de Atapuerca and the Middle Arlanzón Valley (Burgos, Spain). Journal of Maps 11, 535–544.Google Scholar
Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Arsuaga, J.L., Carbonell, E., Rosas, A., Martínez, I., Mosquera, M., 1997. A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans. Science 276, 1392–1395.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R., 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Blasco, R., Finlayson, C., Rosell, J., Marco, A.S., Finlayson, S., Finlayson, G., Negro, J.J., Pacheco, F.G., Vidal, J.R., 2014. The earliest pigeon fanciers. Nature Scientific Reports, A5971. http:/hx.doi.org/ 10.1038/srep05971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumenschine, R.J., Marean, C.W., Capaldo, S.D., 1996. Blind tests of inter-analyst correspondence and accuracy in the identification of cut marks, percussion marks, and carnivore tooth marks on bone surfaces. Journal of Archaeological Science 23, 493–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumenschine, R.J., Selvaggio, M.M., 1988. Percussion marks on bone surfaces as a new diagnostic of hominid behaviour. Nature 333, 763–765.Google Scholar
Bunn, H.T., 1986. Patterns of skeletal representation and hominid subsistence activities at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and Koobi Fora, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 15, 673–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burjachs, F., López-García, J.M., Allué, E., Blain, H.-A., Rivals, F., Bennàsar, M., Expósito, I., 2012. Palaeoecology of Neanderthals during Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles in northeastern Iberia (Abric Romaní): From regional to global scale. Quaternary International 247, 26–37.Google Scholar
Buxton, L.H.D., 1928. Human remains. In: Garrod, D.A.E., Buxton, L.H.D., Smith, G.E., Bate, D.M.A. (Eds.), Excavation of a Mousterian Rock-Shelter At Devil’s Tower, Gibraltar. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London, pp. 57–85.Google Scholar
Capaldo, S.D., Blumenschine, R.J., 1994. A quantitative diagnosis of notches made by hammerstone percussion and carnivore gnawing on bovid long bones. American Antiquity 59, 724–748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbonell, E., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Arsuaga, J.L., Díez, J.C., Rosas, A., Cuenca-Bescós, G., Sala, R., Mosquera, M., Rodríguez, X.P., 1995. Lower pleistocene hominids and artefacts from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). Science 269, 826–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbonell, E., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Parés, J.M., Pérez-González, A., Cuenca-Bescós, G., Ollé, A., Mosquera, M., et al., 2008. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452, 465–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbonell, E., Guilbaud, M., Mora, R., 1983. Utilización de la lógica analítica para el estudio de Tecno-complejos a cantos tallados. Cahier noir, 1, 3–64.Google Scholar
Carbonell, E., Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., Rodríguez, X.P., Sala, R., Vaquero, M., Vergès, J.M., 1992. New elements of the logical analytic system. First International Meeting on Technical Systems to Configure Lithic Objects of scarce elaboration (Montblanc, 1992). Laboratori d’Arqueologia de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili/ Reial Societat Arqueològica Tarraconense, Tarragona.Google Scholar
Carretero, J.M., Ortega, A.I., Juez, L., Pérez-González, A., Arsuaga, J.L., Pérez-Martínez, R., Ortega, M.C., 2008. A late Pleistocene-early Holocene archaeological sequence of Portalón de Cueva Mayor (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia 59, 67–80.Google Scholar
Chaline, J., 1972. Les rongeurs du Pleistocène moyen et supèrieur de France. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.Google Scholar
Coûteax, M., 1977. A propos de l’interpretation des analyses polliniques de sediments minéraux, principalement archéologiques. In: Le Milieu Végétal, les faunas et l’Homme. Supplément au Bulletin de l’AFEQ 47, 259–276.Google Scholar
Cuenca-Bescós, G., Canudo, J.I., Laplana, C., 1999. Análisis bioestratigráfico de los roedores del Pleistoceno medio del yacimiento de Galería (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos). In: Carbonell, E., Rosas, A., Díez, J.C. (Eds.), Atapuerca: Ocupaciones Humanas y Paleoecología del Yacimiento de Galería. Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, pp. 189–210.Google Scholar
Cuenca-Bescós, G., Rosell, J., Morcillo-Amo, A., Galindo-Pellicena, M.A., Santos, E., Moya Costa, R., (2017). Beavers (Castoridae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Quaternary sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca, in Burgos, Spain. Quaternary International 433, 263–277.Google Scholar
Cuenca-Bescós, G., Straus, L.G., González Morales, M.R., García Pimienta, J.C., 2009. The reconstruction of past environments through small mammals: from the Mousterian to the Bronze Age in El Mirón Cave (Cantabria, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 947–955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalén, L., Orlando, L., Shapiro, B., Durling, M.B., Quam, R., Gilbert, M.T.P., Díez Fernández-Lomana, J.C., Willerslev, E., Arsuaga, J.L., Götherström, A., 2012. Partial genetic turnover in neandertals: continuity in the east and population replacement in the west. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, 1893–1897.Google Scholar
Daura, J., Sanz, M., Pike, A.W.G., Subirà, M.E., Fornós, J.J., Fullola, J.M., Julià, R., Zilhão, J., 2010. Stratigraphic context and direct dating of the Neandertal mandible from Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona). Journal of Human Evolution 59, 109–122.Google Scholar
Daura, J., Sanz, M., Subirá, M.E., Quam, R., Fullola, J.M., Arsuaga, J.L., 2005. A Neandertal mandible from the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 49, 56–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delibes, G., Díez, F., 2006. ¿Una Meseta desolada? Estado actual de la investigación sobre el Paleolítico Superior en las regiones interiores de la Península Ibérica. In: Delibes de Castro, G., Díez Martin, F. (Eds.), El Paleolítico Superior en la Meseta Norte Española. Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones, Valladolid, Spain, pp. 11–40.Google Scholar
Díez, C., Alonso, R., Bengoechea, A., Colina, A., Jordá, J.F., Navazo, M., Ortiz, J.E., Pérez, S., Torres, T., 2008. El Paleolítico Medio en el valle del Arlanza (Burgos). Los sitios de la Ermita, Millán y la Mina. Revista C&& G 22, 135–157.Google Scholar
Díez, C., García, M.A., Gil, E., Jordá, J.F., Ortega, A.I., Sánchez, A., Sánchez, B., 1988–1989. La cueva de Valdegoba (Burgos). Primera campaña de excavaciones. Zephyrus 41–42, 55–74.Google Scholar
Domingo, R., Peña-Monné, J.L., de Torres, T., Ortiz, J.E., Utrilla, P., (2017). Neanderthal highlanders: Las Callejuelas (Monteagudo del Castillo, Teruel, Spain), a high-altitude site occupied during MIS 5. Quaternary International 435, 129–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Piqueras, A., 2003. The use of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth-marked archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 1385–1391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández Rodríguez, C., 2006. De humanos y carnívoros: la fauna de macromamíferos de la cueva de A Valiña (Castroverde, Lugo). In: Maillo, J.M., Baquedano, E. (Eds.), Miscelánea en homenaje a Victoria Cabrera Zona Arqueológica 7. Vol I. Museo Arqueológico Regional, Alcalá de Henares, pp. 290–303.Google Scholar
García, N., 2003. Osos y otros carnívoros de la Sierra de Atapuerca. Fundación Oso de Asturias, Oviedo.Google Scholar
García-Antón, M.D., 2016. La captación, selección y gestión de recursos líticos en la Prehistoria: una visión diacrónica del uso del territorio y sus recursos en el entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) durante el Pleistoceno inferior y medio. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E., 1928. Archaeology and geology. In: Garrod, D.A.E., Buxton, L.H.D., Smith, G.E., Bate, D.M.A. (Eds.), Excavation of a Mousterian rock-shelter at devil’s tower, Gibraltar. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London, pp. 34–56.Google Scholar
Girard, M., Renault-Miskovsky, J., 1969. Nouvelles techniques de préparation palynologie appliques à trois sédiments du Quaternaire final de l’Abri Cornille (Istres, Bouches-du Rhone). Bulletin de l’Association Française pour l´Etude du Quaternaire 4, 275–284.Google Scholar
Gómez-Olivencia, A., Arceredillo, D., Álvarez-Lao, D.J., Garate, D., San Pedro, Z., Castaños, P., Rios-Garaizar, J., 2014. New evidence for the presence of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) on the Iberian Peninsula in the Pleistocene: an archaeopalaeontological and chronological reassessment. Boreas 43, 286–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, E.C., 1987. CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers and Geosciences 13, 13–35.Google Scholar
Grimm, E.C., 1992. TILIA v. 2. Illinois State Museum, Research and Collection Center, Springfield.Google Scholar
Lalueza-Fox, C., Sampietro, M.L., Caramelli, D., Puder, Y., Lari, M., Calafell, F., Martínez-Maza, C., Bastir, M., Fortea, J., de la Rasilla, M., Bertranpetit, J., Rosas, A., 2005. Neandertal Evolutionary Genetics: mitochondrial DNA data from Iberian Peninsula. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22, 1077–1081.Google Scholar
Laplace, G., 1972. La typologie analytique et structurale: Base rationnelle d'étude des industries lithiques et osseuses, Banques des données archéologiques. Colloques nationaux du CNRS 932, 91–143.Google Scholar
Laplana, C., Blain, H.A., Sevilla, P., Arsuaga, J.L., Baquedano, E., Pérez-González, A., 2013. Un assemblage de petits vertébrés hautement diversifié de la fin du MIS 5 dans un environnement montagnard au centre de l’Espagne (Cueva del Camino, Pinilla del Valle, Communauté autonome de Madrid). Quaternaire 24, 207–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lira, J., Linderholm, A., Olaria, C., Brandström Durling, M., Gilbert, M.T.P., Ellegren, H., Willerslev, E., Lidén, K., Arsuaga, J.L., Götherström, A., 2010. Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses. Molecular Ecology 19, 64–78.Google Scholar
López-García, J.M., Agustí, J., Cuenca-Bescós, G., 2007. Catalogue of the late Quaternary Iberian micro-mammals (Rodentia, Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera) from the Museu de Geologia de Barcelona, Spain. Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona 15, 5–23.Google Scholar
López-García, J.M., Blain, H.-A., Cuenca-Bescós, G., Arsuaga, J.L., 2008. Chronological, environmental, and climatic precisions on the Neanderthal site of the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 55, 1151–1155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenzo, J.I., Montes, L., 2001. Restes néandertaliens de la Grotte de “Los Moros de Gabasa” (Huesca, Espagne). In: Zilhão, J., Aubry, T.H., Carvalho, A.F. (Eds.), Les premiers hommes modernes de la Péninsule Ibérique. Trabalhos de Arqueologia vol. 17. Instituto Português de Arqueologia, Lisboa, pp. 77–86.Google Scholar
Lozano, M., Subirà, M.E., Aparicio, J., Lorenzo, C., Gómez-Merino, G., 2013. Toothpicking and Periodontal Disease in a Neanderthal Specimen from Cova Foradà Site (Valencia, Spain). PLoS ONE 8, e76852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyman, R.L., 1994. Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallol, C., 1999. The selection of lithic raw materials in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene levels TD6 and TD10A of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Journal of Anthropological Research 55, 385–407.Google Scholar
Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., Pérez-González, A., Rodríguez, X.P., Vaquero, M., Vergès, J.M., Carbonell, E., 2007. Valle de las Orquídeas: un yacimiento al aire libre del Pleistoceno superior en la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos). Trabajos de Prehistoria 64, 143–155.Google Scholar
Moure Romanillo, A., Delibes de Castro, G., Castanedo Tapia, I., Hoyos Gómez, M., Cañaveras, J.C., Iriarte Chiapusso, M.J., 1997. Revisión y nuevos datos sobre el Musteriense de la cueva de La Ermita (Hortigüela, Burgos). In: Balbín Behrmann, R., Bueno Ramírez, P. (Eds.), II Congreso de Arqueología Peninsular, Tomo I-Paleolítico y Epipaleolítico. Fundación Rei Alfonso Henriques, Zamora, pp. 67–83.Google Scholar
Navazo, M., Alonso-Alcalde, R., Benito-Calvo, A., Díez, J.C., Pérez-González, A., Carbonell, E., 2011. Hundidero: MIS 4 open air Neanderthal occupations in Sierra de Atapuerca. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39, 29–41.Google Scholar
Navazo, M., Carbonell, E., 2014. Neanderthal settlement patterns during MIS 4–3 in Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary International 331, 267–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navazo, M., Colina, A., Dominguez-Bella, S., Benito-Calvo, A., 2008. Raw stone material supply for Upper Pleistocene settlements in Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain): flint characterization using petrographic and geochemical techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 1961–1973.Google Scholar
Navazo, M., Díez, J.C., Torres, T., Colina, A., Ortiz, J.E., 2005. La cueva de Prado Vargas. Un yacimiento del Paleolítico Medio en el sur de la Cordillera Cantábrica. In: Lasheras, J.A., Montes, R. (Eds.), Neandertales cantábricos, estado de la cuestión. Museo de Altamira, Santander, pp. 151–166.Google Scholar
Ollé, A., Mosquera, M., Rodríguez, X.P., de Lombera-Hermida, A., García-Antón, M.D., García-Medrano, P., Peña, L., et al., 2013. The Early and Middle Pleistocene technological record from Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary International 295, 138–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orlando, L., Mashkour, M., Burke, A., Douady, C.J., Eisenmann, V., Hänni, C., 2006. Geographic distribution of an extinct equid (Equus hydruntinus: Mammalia, Equidae) revealed by morphological and genetical analyses of fossils. Molecular Ecology 15, 2083–2093.Google Scholar
Orlando, L., Metcalf, J.L., Alberdi, M.T., Telles-Antunes, M., Bonjean, D., Otte, M., Martin, F., et al., 2009. Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 21754–21759.Google Scholar
Ortega, A.I., 2009. Evolución geomorfológica del Karst de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) y su relación con los yacimientos pleistocenos que contiene. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universidad de Burgos.Google Scholar
Ortega, A.I., Benito-Calvo, A., Pérez-González, A., Carbonell, E., Bermúdez de Castronez, J.M., Arsuaga, J.L., 2014. Atapuerca Karst and its Palaeoanthropological Sites. In F. Gutiérrez and M. Gutiérrez (eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of Spain, World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Science, Dordrecht, pp. 101–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, A.I., Benito-Calvo, A., Pérez-González, A., Martín-Merino, M.A., Pérez-Martínez, R., Parés, J.M., Aramburu, A., Arsuaga, J.L., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Carbonell, E., 2013. Evolution of multilevel caves in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) and its relation to human occupation. Geomorphology 196, 122–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pales, L., Garcia, M.A., 1981a. Atlas ostéologique pour servir à l’identification des mammifères du Quaternaire: Herbivores. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.Google Scholar
Pales, L., Garcia, M.A., 1981b. Atlas ostéologique pour servir à l’identification des mammifères du Quaternaire: Carnivores, Homme. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.Google Scholar
Parés, J.M., Ortega, A.I., Benito-Calvo, A., Aranburu, A., 2016. Paleomagnetic constraints of the Atapuerca karst development (N Spain). Geological Society of America Special Papers 516, SPE16–SPE22.Google Scholar
Pickering, T.R., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Heaton, J.L., Yravedra, J., Barba, R., Bunn, H.T., Musiba, C., et al., 2013. Taphonomy of ungulate ribs and the consumption of meat and bone by 1.2-million-year-old hominins at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1295–1309.Google Scholar
Quam, R., Sanz, M., Daura, J., Robson Brown, K., García-González, R., Rodríguez, L., Dawson, H., et al., 2015. The Neandertals of northeastern Iberia: New remains from the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona). Journal of Human Evolution 81, 13–28.Google Scholar
Quam, R.M., Arsuaga, J.L., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Díez, C.J., Lorenzo, C., Carretero, J.M., García, N., Ortega, A.I., 2001. Human remains from Valdegoba Cave (Huermeces, Burgos, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 41, 385–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhodes, S., Walker, M.J., López-Martínez, M., Haber-Uriarte, M., López-Jiménez, A., Buitrago-López, A.T., Dewar, G., 2013. Analysis of Hystrix specimens recovered from Sima de las Palomas, Murcia, Spain: identification and paleoenvironmental revision (abstract). In: Silcox, M.T., Schillaci, M.A., Sumra, M.K. (Eds.), 41st Annual Meeting Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology. Program with abstracts. University of Toronto, Scarborough, pp. 47–48.Google Scholar
Rios-Garaizar, J., 2017. A new chronological and technological synthesis for late Middle Paleolithic of the Eastern Cantabrian Region. Quaternary International 433B, 50–63.Google Scholar
Rios-Garaizar, J., Eixea, A., Villaverde, V., 2015a. Ramification of lithic production and the search of small tools in Iberian Peninsula Middle Paleolithic. Quaternary International 361, 188–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rios-Garaizar, J., Garate Maidagan, D., Gómez-Olivencia, A., Iriarte, E., Arceredillo-Alonso, D., Iriarte-Chiapusso, M.J., Garcia-Ibaibarriaga, N., et al., 2015b. Short-term Neandertal occupations in the late Middle Pleistocene of Arlanpe (Lemoa, northern Iberian Peninsula). Comptes Rendus Palevol 14, 233–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez, J., Burjachs, F., Cuenca-Bescós, G., García, N., Van der Made, J., Pérez González, A., Blain, H.A., et al., 2011. One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1396–1412.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, X.P., 2004. Technical Systems of Lithic Production in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula: technological variability between north-eastern sites and Sierra de Atapuerca sites. British Archaeological Reports, International Series S1323. John and Erica Hedges Ltd., Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A., Saladié, P., Ollé, A., Carbonell, E., 2015. Hominin subsistence and site function of TD10.1 bone bed level at Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca) during the late Acheulean. Journal of Quaternary Science 30, 679–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosas, A., Estalrrich, A., García-Tabernero, A., Bastir, M., García-Vargas, S., Sánchez-Meseguer, A., Huguet, R., et al., 2012. Les Néandertaliens d’El Sidrón (Asturies, Espagne): actualisation d’un nouvel échantillon. L’Anthropologie 116, 57–76.Google Scholar
Rosas, A., Martinez-Maza, C., Bastir, M., Garcia-Tabernero, A., Lalueza-Fox, C., Huguet, R., Ortiz, J.E., et al., 2006. Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a late Neandertal sample from El Sidrón, Asturias, Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, 19266–19271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosell, J., Cáceres, I., Blasco, R., Bennàsar, M., Bravo, P., Campeny, G., Esteban-Nadal, M., et al., 2012. A zooarchaeological contribution to establish occupational patterns at Level J of Abric Romaní (Barcelona, Spain). Quaternary International 247, 69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sala, M.T.N., Arsuaga, J.L., Laplana, C., Ruiz Zapata, B., Gil García, M.J., García, N., Aranburu, A., Algaba, M., 2011. Un paisaje de la Meseta durante el Pleistoceno Superior. Aspectos paleontológicos de la Cueva de la Zarzamora (Segovia, España). Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural Sección Geología 105, 67–85.Google Scholar
Sala, M.T.N., Pantoja, A., Arsuaga, J.L., Algaba, M., 2010. Presencia de bisonte (Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827) y uro (Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827) en las cuevas del Búho y de la Zarzamora (Segovia, España). Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia 61, 43–55.Google Scholar
Sala, N., Algaba, M., Arsuaga, J.L., Aranburu, A., Pantoja, A., 2012. A taphonomic study of the Búho and Zarzamora caves. Hyenas and humans in the Iberian Plateau (Segovia, Spain) during the late Pleistocene. Journal of Taphonomy 10, 477–497.Google Scholar
Sala, N., Arsuaga, J.L., (inpress). Regarding beasts and humans: A review of taphonomic works with living carnivores. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.011.Google Scholar
Sala, N., Arsuaga, J.L., Haynes, G., 2014. Taphonomic comparison of bone modifications caused by wild and captive wolves (Canis lupus). Quaternary International 330, 126–135.Google Scholar
Sala, N., Arsuaga, J.L., Martínez, I., Gracia-Téllez, A., 2015. Breakage patterns in Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) hominin sample. Journal of Archaeological Science 55, 113–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saladié, P., Huguet, R., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A., Cáceres, I., Esteban-Nadal, M., Arsuaga, J.L., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Carbonell, E., 2012. Intergroup cannibalism in the European Early Pleistocene: the range expansion and imbalance of power hypotheses. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 682–695.Google Scholar
Selvaggio, M.M., Wilder, J., 2001. Identifying the Involvement of Multiple Carnivore Taxa with Archaeological Bone Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 28, 465–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipman, P., Rose, J., 1983. Early hominid hunting, butchering, and carcass-processing behaviors: Approaches to the fossil record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2, 57–98.Google Scholar
Stiner, M.C., Weiner, S., Bar-Yosef, O., Kuhn, S.L., 1995. Differential burning, recrystallization, and fragmentation of archaeological bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 223–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, L., Bicho, N., Winegardner, A., 2000. The Upper Palaeolithic settlement of Iberia: first-generation maps. Antiquity, 553–566.Google Scholar
Stringer, C.B., Finlayson, J.C., Barton, R.N.E., Fernández-Jalvo, Y., Cáceres, I., Sabin, R.C., Rhodes, E.J., et al., 2008. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 14319–14324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Utrilla, P., Montes, L., Blasco, F., Torres, T., Ortiz, J.E., 2010. La cueva de Gabasa revisada 15 años después: un cubil para las hienas y un cazadero para los Neandertales. Zona Arqueológica 13, 376–390.Google Scholar
Vallverdú, J., Allué, E., Bischoff, J.L., Cáceres, I., Carbonell, E., Cebrià, A., García-Antón, D., et al., 2005. Short human occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic level i of the Abric Romaní rock-shelter (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 48, 157–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallverdú, J., Alonso, S., Bargalló, A., Bartrolí, R., Campeny, G., Carrancho, Á., Expósito, I., et al., 2012. Combustion structures of archaeological level O and mousterian activity areas with use of fire at the Abric Romaní rockshelter (NE Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary International 247, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Meulen, A.J., 1973. Middle Pleistocene smaller mammals from the Monte Peglia (Orvieto, Italy) with special reference to the phylogeny of Microtus (Arvicolidae, Rodentia). Quaternaria 17, 1–144.Google Scholar
Vaquero, M., Bargalló, A., Chacón, M.G., Romagnoli, F., Sañudo, P., 2015. Lithic recycling in a Middle Paleolithic expedient context: Evidence from the Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Quaternary International 361, 212–228.Google Scholar
Vilà, C., Leonard, J.A., Götherström, A., Marklund, S., Sandberg, K., Lidén, K., Wayne, R.K., Ellegren, H., 2001. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages. Science 291, 474–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villa, P., Mahieu, E., 1991. Breakage patterns of human long bones. Journal of Human Evolution 21, 27–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villalta, J.F., 1972. Presencia de la Marmota y otros elementos de la fauna esteparia en el Pleistoceno catalán. Acta Geológica Hispánica VII, 170–173.Google Scholar
Vilstrup, J.T., Seguin-Orlando, A., Stiller, M., Ginolhac, A., Raghavan, M., Nielsen, S.C.A., Weinstock, J., et al., 2013. Mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids. PLoS ONE 8, e55950. http://dx.doi.org/10.137.journal.pone.0055950.Google Scholar
Walker, M.J., Ortega, J., López, M.V., Parmová, K., Trinkaus, E., 2011a. Neandertal postcranial remains from the Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo, Murcia, southeastern Spain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144, 505–515.Google Scholar
Walker, M.J., Ortega, J., Parmová, K., López, M.V., Trinkaus, E., 2011b. Morphology, body proportions, and postcranial hypertrophy of a female Neandertal from the Sima de las Palomas, southeastern Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 10087–10091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, T.D., 1992. Prehistoric cannibalism at Mancos 5Mtumr-2346. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Arsuaga supplementary material

Arsuaga supplementary material 1

Download Arsuaga supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 157.7 KB