^{Page 1 note 1} This article was originally given as the annual public opening lecture at Christ's College, Aberdeen, on 7 October 1974.

^{Page 1 note 2} Cicero, , De Republica III, 22Google Scholar: ‘And there will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws now and in the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times.’

^{Page 1 note 3} Butler, Joseph, ‘Dissertation upon the Nature of Virtue’ (1736) from Fifteen Sermons (edition published by Bell, , 1953).Google Scholar Speaking of ‘conscience’, Butler writes (p. 248): ‘It is that, which all ages and all comm trihave made profession of in public: it is that, which every man you meet puts on the show of it: is that, which the primary and fundamental laws of all civil constitutions over the face of the earth make it their business and endeavour to enforce the practice of upon mankind.’

^{Page 1 note 4} E.g. Westermarck, Edward, Ethical Relativity (London: Kegan Paul, 1932).Google Scholar

^{Page 2 note 1} Ginsberg, Morris, The Huxley Memorial Lecture, 1953, published in The Diversity of Morals and also in his bookEssays in Sociology and Social Philosophy (Penguin Books, 1968).Google Scholar

^{Page 5 note 1} Isaiah 6: 1–8.

^{Page 5 note 2} Luke 5: 8.

^{Page 6 note 1} Isaiah 64: 6.

^{Page 6 note 2} Otto, Rudolph, The Idea of the Holy (London: Oxford University Press, 1923), p. 53Google Scholar (the original, German, Das Heilige, appeared in 1917).Google Scholar

^{Page 13 note 1} Anscombe, G. E. M., ‘On Brute Facts’ in Analysis XVIII (1958)Google Scholar, and ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ in Philosophy, XXIII (1958).Google Scholar

^{Page 13 note 2} Searle, John R., ‘How to derive “ought” from “is”’, in The Philosophical Review LXIII (1964).Google Scholar

^{Page 15 note 1} Arendt, Hannah, The Life of the Mind, Gifford Lectures, first series given in the University of Aberdeen, 04 1973.Google Scholar The quotation is from the syllabus, pp. 3–4.

^{Page 15 note 2} Luke 23:34.