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44 The phrase was originally introduced by Zhou Enlai.

45 Frieden, Global Capitalism, pp. 278–81.

46 I thank Kevin Narizny for reminding me of this macro historical development and its relevance.

47 See Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. Public Broadcasting System (PBS) series based on the book by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw.

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73 Other important candidates include the likes of India, Brazil, and Turkey.

74 As such, the empirical content of this section should be judged by the standard of a plausibility probe. As George and Bennett explain, ‘Plausibility probes are preliminary studies on relatively untested theories and hypotheses to determine whether more intensive and laborious testing is warranted.’ See, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), p. 75Google Scholar.

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87 I am indebted to Ewan Harrison for bringing to my attention the helpful distinction between liberal and nationalist strategic responses to the liberal system.

88 For a superb treatment of system-level normative socialisation dynamics see Harrison, Ewan, The Post Cold War International System: Strategies, Institutions, and Reflexivity (New York: Routledge, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also Quddus Z. Snyder, ‘The Illiberal Trading State’.

89 Ideational and institutional bonds are much more significant in the context of interstate relations within the core of the liberal order itself.