Page numbers in italic type refer to sender/address of dispatch.

Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909). 69, 72, 73, 121, 226n, 236

Abdülaziz (1830–1876), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876). 73

Abeken, Christian von (1826–1890), Saxon jurist and statesman. Minister of justice (1871–1890). 337

Adä, Johann (1845–1905), physician and Württemberg politician. Reichstag member (1886–1890). 432

Addington, Henry (1757–1844), 1st Viscount Sidmouth (1805), British statesman. MP (1784–1805); prime minister (1801–1804); home secretary (1812–1822). 364

Adelmann von Adelmannsfelden, Heinrich Graf (1848–1920), estate owner and politician. Member of the first chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1911–1918) and the Reichstag (1874–1877; 1882–1892). 432

Adlerberg, Nikolai (1819–1892), Russian statesman. Governor of Taganrog, Simferopol and Finland. 71

Adolphe (1817–1905), Duke of Nassau (1839–1866), Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1890). 150

Ahlwardt, Hermann (1846–1914), teacher, publicist, and anti-Semitic politician. Reichstag member (1892–1902). 369–371

Albert, see also Albrecht

Albert (1819–1861), Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From 1840 husband and consort of Queen Victoria, who granted him the title Prince Consort in 1857. 4, 149

Albert (1828–1902), King of Saxony from 1873. 267, 269, 278, 297, 299, 313–315, 328–329, 332, 352–353, 380–381, 383, 385–386, 405, 407, 412–413, 418, 468, 509

Albrecht (1837–1906), Prussian prince and general field marshal. Regent of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1885. 55n, 119, 145, 428

Albrecht (1865–1939), Duke of Württemberg and German general. 434

Alexander (1857–1893), born Prince Alexander von Battenberg. Elected prince (knyaz) of Bulgaria (1879–1886). 15, 19–20, 65n–67, 70–71, 75–76, 99–101, 226, 229–231, 233–236, 285–287, 350n

Alexander (1823–1888), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine and German general. 19, 226n–227, 229

Alexander III (1845–1894), Tsar of Russia from 1881. 50, 53, 67–68, 71, 76, 92–95, 120–121, 153–154, 184, 201–202, 234, 285, 350, 396, 529, 541

Alexandra (1844–1925), Princess of Denmark. Married Edward, Prince of Wales (1863); Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1901–1910). 54n, 299

Alexandra Feodorovna (1872–1918), née Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine; after marriage to Nicholas II Tsarina of Russia (1894–1917). 183, 259, 262

Alexei Alexandrovich (1850–1908), Grand Duke of Russia; head of the Russian naval department and general-admiral of the imperial fleet. 401

Alfred (1844–1900), Duke of Edinburgh. Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1893). 20, 148–149, 152, 295

Alfred, (1874–1899), British prince. From 1893 hereditary prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 295, 474

Alice (1843–1878), Princess of the United Kingdom. Married Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine in 1862; Grand Duchess of Hesse from 1877. 19, 244

Alvensleben, Friedrich Johann Graf von (1836–1913), German diplomat. Consul general at Bucharest (1876), minister resident at Darmstadt (1880); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague (1882), Washington (1884), and Brussels (1886); ambassador to St Petersburg (1901–1905). 124

Alvensleben, Gustav Herman von (1827–1905), Prussian and German general. Commander of the XIII (Royal Württemberg) imperial army corps (1886–1890). 446

Ampthill, see Russell, Odo

Anderson, Henry Percy (1831–1896), civil servant (Foreign Office). Junior clerk (1854); assistant clerk (1865); senior clerk (1873); assistant under-secretary of state (1894). 13, 35n, 41, 158n, 160n, 168, 179n, 227, 237, 318

Antonelli, Giacomo (1806–1876), Italian cardinal deacon. Cardinal secretary of state (1848). 79

Arendt, Otto (1854–1936), publicist and conservative politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1886–1918) and the Reichstag (1898–1918). 347, 372

Arnim-Suckow, Harry Graf von (1824–1881), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1862), Kassel (1863), Munich (1863), to the Holy See (1864), and Paris (1871; 1872–1874 as imperial ambassador); fled to Switzerland to avoid prison sentence (1875). 127, 130, 165, 364

Arnold, Thomas (1795–1842), English educationist; headmaster of Rugby School (1828–1841). 354

Arnulf (1852–1907), Prince of Bavaria. General. 428

Asch zu Asch, Adolf Freiherr von (1830–1906), Bavarian general and minister of war (1893–1905). 550

Augusta (1811–1890), Princess of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Married Wilhelm I in 1829; Queen of Prussia from 1861; German Empress from 1871. 38, 40, 101

Augusta (1843–1919), Princess of Saxe-Meiningen. Married Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg in Meiningen in 1862. 40

Auguste (1826–1898), Princess of Württemberg. Married Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1851. 434

Auguste Viktoria (1858–1921), Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. Married Wilhelm II in 1881; German Empress and Queen of Prussia, 1888–1918. 141, 212, 259, 325, 328

Auiti, Andrea (1849–1905), Italian archbishop. Apostolic nuncio in Munich (1893–1896) and Lisbon (1896–1903); cardinal priest (1903). 534

Bachmaier, Benedikt (1852–1912), Bavarian farmer and politician (Bavarian Peasants’ League). Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1893–1904) and the Reichstag (1893–1912). 531

Badt, Lippmann (dates unknown), bookseller and editor of the Dresdner Zeitung. 325, 327

Balfour, Arthur James (1848–1930), politician and statesman. MP (1874–1922); secretary for Scotland (1886), chief secretary for Ireland (1887), first lord of the treasury (1891–1892; 1895–1905), lord privy seal (1902), prime minister (1902–1905), first lord of the admiralty (1915–1916), foreign secretary (1916–1919), lord president of the council (1919–1922; 1925–1929); created Earl of Balfour and Viscount Traprain (1922). 140, 179, 183, 185, 194, 199, 201–203, 206–207, 209–210, 213–215, 257, 259–260, 403–405, 408, 412–414, 462, 545–546, 547, 551

Ballantine, William (1812–1887), English lawyer and serjeant-at-law. 502

Barrère, Camille (1851–1940), French diplomat. Consul general at Cairo (1882); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm (1885), Munich (1891; from 1888 permanent chargé d'affaires), and Berne (1894); ambassador to Rome (1897–1924). 375–376, 510, 523–524

Barrington, Eric (1847–1918), British civil servant. Principal private secretary to the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1885–1892; 1895–1905); assistant under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1906–1907). 418

Barron, Sir Henry (1824–1900), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Lisbon (1858) and Brussels (1861; 1871); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1866); again secretary of legation at Brussels (1871); minister resident at Stuttgart (1883–1890). 6–7, 20, 24, 423–433

Barth, Theodor (1849–1909), lawyer and liberal politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1898–1903) and the Reichstag (1881–1898; 1901–1903). 379

Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (1805–1895), French statesman, journalist and philosopher. 291

Bashford, John Laidlay (1852–1908), British author and journalist. Berlin correspondent of the Daily Telegraph (1885–1903), then of the Manchester Guardian, Daily Graphic, Pall Mall Gazette, and Westminster Gazette. 69–70, 195–196

Battenberg, Franz Joseph von (1861–1924), German prince, youngest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia von Battenberg. 229–230

Battenberg, Ludwig von (1854–1921), eldest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia von Battenberg. British naval officer from the age of 15; admiral 1904; First Sea Lord, 1912, resigned 27 October 1914. From 1917 Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven. 229

Baur von Breitenfeld, Fidel (1835–1886), Württemberg diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Karlsruhe (1869), Vienna (1872) and Berlin (1881–1886; at the same time plenipotentiary at the Federal Council). 33

Bayha, Friedrich (1832–1902), innkeeper and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1868–1870; 1890–1894) and the Reichstag (1887–1890). 432

Bazaine, François Achille (1811–1888), French general. Marshal of France (1864). 114–115

Beaconsfield, see Disraeli, Benjamin

Beauclerk, William Nelthorpe (1849–1908), British diplomat. Third secretary at Athens (1876), Berne (1877), and St Petersburg (1879); second secretary at Rome (1880), Washington (1887), and Berlin (1888); secretary of legation at Peking (1890); consul general at Budapest (1896); minister resident at Lima (1898–1908). 111–113, 117–119

Bebel, August (1840–1913), socialist politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1913) and the Saxon second chamber (1881–1891); co-founder of the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei (1869); chairman of the Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands from 1892. 209n, 266–272, 279–281, 302, 345, 352, 356, 392, 535–536

Beckford, William (1709–1770), English politician. MP (1754–1770) and lord mayor of London (1762 and 1769). 363

Behr-Bandelin, Felix Graf von (1834–1894), German estate owner and promoter of colonialism. Co-founder of the Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft (1884) and founder member of the nationalist Alldeutscher Verband (1891). 34

Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824–1902), Hanoverian and Prussian politician. Member of the Hanoverian Landtag (1855–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1883; its president 1873–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1883; 1887–1898); Landesdirektor (1868–1888) and Oberpräsident of the Prussian province of Hanover (1888–1897). 107–110

Berchem, Maximilian Graf von (1841–1910), German diplomat. Secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1875) and Vienna (1878); consul general at Budapest (1883); director of the trade division (1885) and under-secretary of state at the Berlin foreign office (1886–1890). 63, 89

Beresford, Charles William de la Poer (1846–1919), British admiral and politician. MP (1874–1880; 1885–1889; 1898–1900; 1902–1903; 1910–1916); styled Lord Beresford (1859); 1st Baron Beresford (1916). 325

Bergne, Sir John Henry Gibbs (1842–1908), civil servant (Foreign Office). Assistant clerk (1880); superintendent of the treaty department (1881); superintendent of the commercial department and examiner of treaties (1894). 295n, 427n, 434, 480

Berlepsch, Hans Hermann von (1843–1926), German jurist and politician. Oberpräsident of the Prussian Rhine Province (1898); Prussian minister for trade (1890–1896). 121

Bernhard III (1851–1928), last Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1914–1918). 297

Bertie, Francis (1844–1919), British diplomat. Acting senior clerk (1882), senior clerk (1889), and assistant under-secretary (1894) in the Eastern department of the Foreign Office; ambassador to Rome (1903) and Paris (1905–1918); 1st Baron (1915) and 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame (1918). 65

Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand Freiherr von (1809–1886), Saxon and Austrian diplomat and statesman. Saxon foreign minister (1849–1866; from 1852 also minister of the interior; from 1858 also minister president); Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1866); also minister president (1867) and Reichskanzler (imperial chancellor) (1868); Austro-Hungarian ambassador to London (1871–1878) and Paris (1878–1882). 291

Bierey, Emil (1838–1899), Saxon journalist. Stenographer in the Saxon Landtag (1857–1872); editor of the Dresdner Nachrichten (1872–1890). 310–311, 325, 335, 343

Bismarck, Herbert von (1849–1904), German diplomat and politician; son of Otto von Bismarck. Worked at the Berlin foreign office from 1873; Botschaftsrat in London (1882); envoy to The Hague (1884); under-secretary (1885) and state secretary for foreign affairs (1886–1890). Reichstag member (1884–1886; 1893–1904). 16, 46, 49n, 59–60, 68–69, 81, 83, 87–88, 93–95, 105, 114–116, 121, 124–125, 155, 205–206, 275, 283n, 325n, 326–327, 393

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898), Prussian statesman. Envoy to the Federal Diet at Frankfurt (1851–1859), ambassador to St Petersburg (1859) and Paris (1862); Prussian minister president and foreign minister (1862–1872; 1873–1890); chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-1871); Reichstag member (1867; 1891–1893); from 1880 also Prussian minister of trade (1880–1890); imperial chancellor (1871–1890); Graf 1865; Fürst 1871. 8–10, 13–17, 20, 22, 33, 36, 41–54, 56–65, 67, 70–80, 84–85, 92, 94–106, 108, 111, 115, 120–133, 135, 141–142, 145–146, 165–166, 174–177, 201–202, 204–206, 222, 231, 238, 248, 254–256, 265, 272, 274–276, 285n, 288–289, 295, 301–304, 307n–310, 313, 315–316, 318, 321, 325–328, 330, 335, 343–344, 348, 349–350, 355–356, 361–364, 367, 371, 373, 378, 384–387, 390, 392–394, 416n, 417, 425, 453, 468, 470, 473, 474–476, 478, 484–485, 490–491, 493, 496–497, 507–508, 513, 526, 528–529, 540–541

Bissing, Walter Freiherr (b.1855), journalist. London correspondent of the Kreuzeitung from 1888 to 1900. 180

Bleichröder, Gerson von (1822–1893), German banker. From 1855 head of the banking firm of S. Bleichröder. 102, 336

Blokland, Jonkheer Gerard Beelaerts van (1843–1897), Dutch jurist and South African diplomat. From 1884 representative (minister resident) of the South African Republic at Berlin, Lisbon and Paris; from 1889 as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. 173, 180

Blumenthal, Leonhard Graf von (1810–1900), Prussian field marshal. 520

Blumenthal, Werner von (1847–1928), Prussian military officer and chamberlain. Master of ceremonies under Wilhelm I 395

Boetticher, Karl Heinrich von (1833–1907), Prussian civil servant, politician and statesman. State secretary of the imperial office of the interior (1880–1897) and vice chancellor (1881–1897). 124, 186, 217n, 388, 400

Bönisch, Friedrich (1832–1894), Saxon jurist and liberal politician. Second mayor of Dresden (1884–1894); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1875–1894). 334

Boothby, Sir Brooke (1856–1913), British diplomat. Second secretary at Vienna (1889), Munich (1895), and Paris (1896); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1898), Tokyo (1901), and Brussels (1902); councillor of embassy at Vienna (1905–1907). 544–545, 547–549

Boulanger, Georges (1837–1891), French general and politician. Minister of war (1886–1887). 2n, 87, 89–90, 135, 282n, 290, 309

Brackenbury, Henry (1837–1914), British army officer. Private secretary to the viceroy of India (1880), acting military attaché at Paris (1881–1882); director of military intelligence (1886–1891). 69, 491

Brausewetter, Georg Robert (1836–1896), judge. From 1888 director of the Berlin district court. 369

Briggs, Thomas (1795–1864), British banker, murdered by Franz Müller on a train. 501

Bronsart von Schellendorff, Walther (1833–1914), Prussian general. Prussian minister of war (1893–1896); adjutant general to Wilhelm II (1896). 177, 183–184, 186, 209, 490

Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600), Dominican friar, philosopher, and astronomer. 512

Buchanan, Sir George William (1854–1924), British diplomat. Secretary of legation and chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt and Karlsruhe (1893); agent on the Venezuela boundary arbitration tribunal in Paris (1898); secretary of embassy at Rome (1900) and Berlin (1901); consul general at Sofia (1903); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague (1909); ambassador to St Petersburg (1910) and Rome (1919–1921). 8, 18–19, 249

Buchner, Max (1846–1921), German physician, ethnographer and colonial explorer. 36

Buddeberg, Louis Heinrich (1836–1925), Saxon merchant and liberal politician. Reichstag member (1881–1898; 1907–1912). 342

Bülow, Bernhard von (1849–1929), German statesman and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1888); ambassador to Rome (1893); imperial state secretary for foreign affairs (1897–1900); imperial chancellor and Prussian minister president (1900–1909). 154, 213–214

Bülow, Maria von (1848–1929), née Beccadelli di Bologna, married to Karl August von Dönhof from 1867 to 1882; married Bernhard von Bülow in 1886. 154

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert (1831–1891), British statesman, diplomat and poet. Secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1863), Athens (1864), Lisbon (1865), and Madrid (1868); secretary of embassy at Vienna (1868), and Paris (1868; from 1873 minister); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1874); viceroy and governor general of India (1876–1880); ambassador to Paris (1887); 1st Earl of Lytton (1880). 102

Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias Freiherr von (1791–1860), Prussian diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at the Prussian legation to the Holy See (1823), minister resident (1827), and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1834–1838); envoy extraordinary to Berne (1839–1841) and London (1842–1854); also the provisional central government's envoy to London (December 1848–May 1849); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (May 1848–January 1849) and the Prussian upper house (1858). 295

Buol-Berenberg, Rudolf von (1842–1902), jurist and Catholic politician. Member of the second chamber of Baden (1881–1896) and the Reichstag (1884–1898; its president 1895–1898). 175

Burkardt, Germain (1821–1890), farmer and Württemberg politician. Reichstag member (1887–1890). 432

Burke, Edmund (1729–1797), Anglo-Irish politician, statesman, philosophical and political thinker. 302, 366

Burkhardt, Theodor Otto (b.1846) wood-block cutter and socialist agitator. 270

Bürklin, Albert (1844–1924), jurist and National Liberal politician. Member of the second chamber of Baden (1875–1881), the Reichstag (1877–1898), and the first chamber of Baden (1905–1918). 175

Burns, John (1858–1943), English politician and trades unionist. MP (1892–1918); president of the Local Government Board (1905–1914) and the Board of Trade (1914). 389

Burt, Thomas (1837–1922), British trades unionist and politician. MP (1874–1918); parliamentary secretary to the Board of Trade (1892–1895). 389

Busch, Clemens August (1834–1895), German diplomat. Consul general at Budapest (1878); acting secretary of state at the Berlin foreign office (1881); under-secretary of state (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1885), Stockholm (1888), and Berne (1892–1895). 39–41

Cadogan, Henry George Gerald (1859–1893), British diplomat. Third secretary at Berlin (1883); second secretary at Munich (1885); secretary of legation at Teheran (1890). 435, 503–506, 515

Camesa-Sasca, Karl (dates unknown), German merchant. President of the German club in Moscow. 548

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry (1836–1908), British politician and statesman. MP (1868–1908); chief secretary for Ireland (1884–1885); secretary of state for war (1886; 1892–1895); prime minister (1905–1908). 143, 527

Caprivi, Leo von (1831–1899), German general and statesman. Imperial chancellor (1890–1894) and Prussian minister president (1890–1892). 16–18, 124, 126–127, 132, 136, 138–144, 146, 157, 162–168, 182, 186, 201, 203, 205, 248n, 358–360, 363–365, 367–368, 372–374, 377, 384–385, 388–389, 392–393, 447, 452–455, 521–522, 526, 529, 540

Carew-Hunt, Henry Thomas (1846–1923), British consular agent. Consul at Port-au-Prince (1883), Königsberg (1886), and Danzig (1889); consul general at New Orleans (1903–1915). 90–91

Carnot, Marie François Sadi (1837–1894), French statesman. President (1887–1894). 153, 161–162

Carola (1833–1907), Princess of Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp. Queen of Saxony from 1873. 418

Casimir-Perier, Jean (1847–1907), French statesman. Prime minister and minister of foreign affairs (1893–1894); president (1894–1895). 160

Cavendish, Spencer Compton (1833–1908), Marquess of Hartington (1858), 8th Duke of Devonshire (1891), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1891); secretary of state for war (1866; 1882–1885); chief secretary for Ireland (1871–1874); secretary of state for India (1880–1882); lord president of the council (1895–1903). 179, 183, 193, 199, 201–203, 206–207, 209–210, 213–215, 259–260, 337, 412, 462, 546, 551

Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810–1861), Italian statesman. Minister president of Sardinia (1852–1859; 1860–1861); first prime minister of Italy (1861). 343

Cawston, George (1851–1918), British financier and broker. From 1889 to 1898 on the board of the directors of the British South Africa Company; chairman of South-West Africa Company (1893–1904). 168–169

Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914), British politician and statesman. MP (1876–1914); president of the Board of Trade (1880–1885); secretary of state for the colonies (1895–1903). 188, 194, 199, 412–413, 462, 545

Chapman, Edward Francis (1840–1926), British general. Director of military intelligence at the War Office (1891–1896). 373, 525, 527

Charlotte (1860–1919), Princess of Prussia and, from 1914 to 1918, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, as wife of Bernhard III 297

Charlotte (1864–1946), Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe. Married Prince Wilhelm of Württemberg in 1886; Queen of Württemberg, 1891–1918. 434, 442

Chatham, see Pitt, William

Cherevin, Petr Alexandrovich (1837–1896), Russian general. Head of the secret police (1880); adjutant general to Alexander III 94

Childers, Hugh (1827–1896), British statesman. MP (1860–1892); secretary of state for war (1880–1882); chancellor of the exchequer (1882–1885); home secretary (1886). 60

Christian IX (1818–1906), King of Denmark from 1863. From 1863 to 1864 also Duke of Holstein, Schleswig, and Lauenburg. 54, 154

Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer (1849–1895), British statesman and politician. MP (1874–1895); secretary of state for India (1885); chancellor of the exchequer (1886). 66, 67–68, 70, 230, 286–287

Cleveland, Grover (1837–1908), President of the United States of America (1885–1889; 1893–1897). 299–300

Cockayne-Cust, Henry (1861–1917), English politician and author. Editor of the Pall Mall Gazette (1892–1896); MP (1890–1895; 1900–1906). 191

Cockerell, William A. (1840–1919), civil servant at the Foreign Office from 1860; assistant clerk (1877); senior clerk (1893–1906). 170, 340

Conrad, Michael Georg (1846–1927), German publicist and naturalist writer. Reichstag member (1896–1898). 538

Corbett, Sir Vincent Edwin Henry (1861–1936), British diplomat. Attaché at Berlin (1885); third secretary at Berlin (1886), The Hague (1887), and Rome (1888); second secretary at Constantinople (1891), Copenhagen (1894), and Athens (1895; from 1900 secretary of legation); British commissioner at the Caisse de la Dette Publique in Cairo (1903); minister resident at Caracas (1907) and at Munich (1910–1914). 60

Courcel, Alphonse Chodron de (1835–1919), French diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin (1881–1886) and London (1894–1898). 40

Cousin-Montauban, Charles, comte de Palikao (1796–1878), French general and statesman. Prime minister and minister of war (August–September 1870). 322

Crailsheim, Friedrich Krafft von (1841–1926), Bavarian statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1880–1903), minister president (1890–1903); member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1895–1918). 427, 468, 478, 481, 484n, 490, 495, 497–498, 505–506, 510, 516–518, 521–523, 530, 544, 550–551

Crawford, James Adair (dates unknown), British colonial civil servant. Under-secretary to the foreign department of the government of India (1892); chief political resident of the Persian Gulf (1893); acting chief commissioner of Baluchistan (1895). 197n

Crispi, Francesco (1818–1901), Italian politician and statesman. Prime minister of Italy (1887–1891; 1893–1896); minister of the interior (1877–1878; 1887–1881; 1893–1896); foreign minister (1887–1891). 128–129, 140, 155

Cross, Richard Assheton (1823–1914), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1862; 1868–1886); home secretary (1874–1880; 1885–1886); secretary of state for India (1886–1892); lord privy seal (1895–1900); created Viscount Cross (1886). 279

Crowe, Sir Joseph Archer (1825–1896), British diplomat, art historian, and journalist. Consul general at Leipzig (1860) and Düsseldorf (1872); commercial attaché at Berlin (1880); commercial attaché for Europe at Paris (1882–1896). 358

Currie, Philip Henry Wodehouse (1834–1906), British diplomat. Senior clerk (1873), principal private secretary to the foreign secretary (1878–1880); assistant permanent under-secretary of state (1882), permanent under-secretary (1889); ambassador to Constantinople (1894) and Rome (1898–1903); 1st Baron Currie (1899). 6, 432, 440

Curzon, George Nathaniel (1859–1925), British statesman. MP (1886–1898); parliamentary under-secretary of state for India (1891–1892) and for foreign affairs (1895–1898); viceroy and governor general of India (1899–1905); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1919–1924). Created Baron Curzon of Kedleston (1898), 5th Baron Scarsdale, (1916); Marquess Curzon of Kedleston and Earl of Kedleston (1921). 202, 403

Dallas, Sir George E. (1842–1918), civil servant (Foreign Office). Assistant clerk (1881), senior clerk Western Department (1890), chief clerk (1896–1900) 274, 277, 473, 475

Daller, Balthasar von (1835–1911), Catholic priest and politician. From 1864 professor at the Freising Lyceum, from 1886 its rector; member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1871–1911). 514, 530, 545

Davis, Edmund (1861–1939), British businessman, mining financier and art collector. 168

Degouy, Robert (1862–1912), French naval officer. 163

Deimling, Ludwig von (1833–1906), military officer from Baden. From 1870 in Prussian service. 240

Deines, Adolf von (1845–1911), Prussian officer. Military attaché at Madrid (1885) and Vienna (1887–1884); from 1888 aide-de-camp to Wilhelm I; commanding general of the VII imperial army corps at Koblenz (1902–1906). 114–115

Delbrück, Hans (1848–1929), German historian and politician. Tutor to Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1874–1879); professor at Berlin University (1885); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885) and the Reichstag (1884–1890). 185

Delguey de Malavas, Jacques (1852–1942), French naval officer and military historian. 163

Deligiannis, Theodoros (1820–1905), Greek statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1863; 1864–1865; 1869–1870; 1878) and prime minister (1885–1886; 1890–1892; 1895–1897; 1902–1903; 1904–1905). 260

Deloncle, François (1856–1922), French politician and consul. Member of the Chamber of deputies (1889–1898; 1902–1914). 390–391

Derby, see Stanley, Edward Henry

Déroulède, Paul (1846–1914), French writer and politician. Co-founder of the nationalist Ligue des Patriotes (1882). 134, 290

Detring, Gustav (1842–1913), German civil servant. Customs offical at Tientsin (1875–1905). 202

Devonshire, see Cavendish, Spencer Compton

Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1843–1911), 2nd baronet (1869), English politician. MP (1868–1885; 1892–1911); parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1880–1882); member of the privy council (1882); president of the Local Government Board (1882–1885). 7–8, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 47, 49, 222, 265, 267, 271, 274, 467, 469–472

Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881), British statesman. MP (1837–1876); chancellor of the exchequer (1852; 1858–1859; 1866–1868); prime minister (1868, 1874–1880); created Earl of Beaconsfield (1876). 56–57, 317

Dönhoff, Karl August Graf von (1833–1906), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Dresden (1879–1906). 154

Douglas, Hugo Sholto Graf (1837–1912), German entrepreneur, writer, and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1912). 321

Dreesbach, August (1844–1906), carpenter, journalist, and socialist politician. Member of the Baden Landtag (1891–1902) and the Reichstag (1890–1893; 1898–1906). 242

Drobe, Franz Kaspar (1808–1891), Catholic priest. Bishop of Paderborn from 1882. 480

Drummond, Sir Victor (1833–1907), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1873) and Washington (1877); secretary of embassy at Vienna (1882); chargé d'affaires at Munich (1885); minister resident at Munich and at Stuttgart (1890–1903). 6–8, 19, 23, 448–458, 486–503, 506–543, 545–547, 549–552

Drury, Henry (1778–1841), English scholar and educator; master at Harrow School (1801–1841). 354

Dufferin, see Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick

Düfflipp, Lorenz von (1821–1886), Bavarian civil servant and court secretary to Ludwig II (1866–1877). 483

Durège, Max (dates unknown), British consular agent. Vice consul at Danzig (1883–1895). 91

Eckhard, Carl (8922–1910), jurist, entrepreneur and National Liberal politician. Member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1861–1863; 1865–1873) and the Reichstag (1871–1874). 248

Edward (1841–1910), Prince of Wales. Crowned Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Emperor of India in 1901. 33, 41, 54, 56, 60, 63, 68–69, 73, 75, 77, 81, 85–86, 89, 91, 93, 94–95, 98, 100, 102, 104, 113–114, 121, 124–126, 128–129, 131, 138, 141, 143, 145, 147–148, 162, 174, 176, 185, 199, 201, 203, 207, 209, 212–213, 215, 235, 246–247, 254–256, 260–261, 279, 288, 290, 295, 299, 301, 312, 340, 363, 375, 469–471, 473, 480, 485–486, 488, 491, 498, 508, 519, 526, 529

Eisenlohr, August (1833–1916), Civil servant and statesman. Ministerialdirektor (1883), Staatsrat (1890) and president (1892–1900; from 1893 with the title of minister) of the Baden ministry of the interior. Member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1866–1870) and the Reichstag (1877–1878). 246–247, 251, 253

Eissenstein-Chotta, Arthur Ritter von und zu (1846–1911), Austrian diplomat and writer (pseud. Max von Essen). Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1887–1892). 92

Elizabeth I (1533–1603), Queen of England and Ireland from 1558. 411

Ellrichshausen, Joseph Freiherr von (1832–1906), estate owner and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1882–1895) and the Reichstag (1887–1890). 432

Ellstätter, Moritz (1827–1905), Civil servant and statesman. Baden minister for finances (1868–1893); from 1871 also plenipotentiary at the Federal Council. 241, 246

Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer) (1840–1892), German physician and naturalist. Explorer of Africa and governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria. 319

Erbach-Schönberg, Marie von (1852–1923), née Marie von Battenberg, German princess. Translator and writer. 229

Erhardt, Alois von (1831–1888), Bavarian jurist and politician. Mayor of Munich (1870–1887). 497

Ernst August (1845–1923), Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale; last Crown Prince of Hanover (from 1851). Followed his father, Georg V, into exile in Austria in 1866. 55–57, 473–478

Eulenburg, Botho Graf zu (1831–1912), Prussian statesman. Oberpräsident of the province of Hanover (1873–1878) and the province of Hesse-Nassau (1881–1892); minister of the interior (1878–1881; 1892–1894) and minister president (1892–1894). From 1899 member of the Prussian upper chamber. 164, 166–167

Eulenburg, Graf Philip zu (1847–1921), Prussian diplomat and close friend of Wilhelm II. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1890) and Munich (1891); imperial ambassador to Vienna (1894–1902). 447

Eyschen, Paul (1841–1915), Luxembourg statesman, and diplomat. Prime minister (1888–1915). 150

Fabrice, Alfred Graf von (1818–1891), Saxon general and statesman. Minister of war (1866–1891); minister president (1876); and from 1882 also foreign minister. 267–268, 276, 279, 284, 351, 478

Farnall, Harry de la Rosa Burrard (dates unknown), civil servant (Foreign Office). Junior clerk (1873); assistant clerk (1894); senior clerk (1900). 403

Fergusson, Sir James (1832–1907), 6th baronet of Kilkerran (1849), British politician and colonial administrator. MP (1854–1857; 1859–1868; 1885–1906); governor of South Australia (1869–1873), New Zealand (1873–1874), and Bombay (1880–1885); parliamentary under-secretary of state for India (1867–1868), home department (1867–1868), and for foreign affairs (1886–1891); postmaster general (1891–1892). 336

Ferry, Jules (1832–1893), French politician and statesman. Mayor of Paris (1870–1871); prime minister (1880–1881; 1883–1885). 64

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814), German philosopher. 304, 328

Finger, Jakob (1825–1904), jurist and Hessian statesman. Minister president and grand ducal minister of foreign affairs, of the interior, and of justice (1884–1898). Member of the second chamber (1862–1865) and the first chamber (18991903) of the Hessian Landtag. 232, 236, 243–244

Fischer, Ludwig von (1832–1900), politician. Mayor of Augsburg (1866–1900); member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1863–1900) and of the Reichstag (1871–1874; 1884–1884; 1898–1900). 432

Fleck, Franz Ludwig (François Louis) (1824–1899), Bishop of Metz. 150

Förster, Paul (1844–1925), teacher, politician and anti-Semitic publicist. Reichstag member (1892–1898). 211

Fort, George Seymour (1858–1951), British colonial administrator and author. Resident magistrate at Umtali (1893). 196

Franckenstein, Georg Freiherr von und zu (1825–1890), landowner and politician. Member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1847–1890) and the Reichstag (1872–1890). 481, 488, 493–494, 496–497, 528

Frankenburger, Wolf (1826–1889), lawyer and Bavarian politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1869–1884) and the Reichstag (1874–1878). 427

Franz Joseph I (1830–1916), Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1848. 248n, 352

Fredericks, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1837–1892), Russian diplomat. Minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to Stuttgart (1884–1892; at the same time accredited to Baden).

Frederik VIII (1843–1912), King of Denmark from 1906. 154

Frege-Weltzien, Arnold von (1841–1916), estate owner, publicist, and conservative politician. Member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1893–1916) and the Reichstag (1878–1903). 386

Friedensburg, Ferdinand (1824–1891), Prussian jurist and mayor of Breslau (1870–1891). 320

Friedrich I (1754–1816), King of Württemberg from 1806. 448

Friedrich I (1826–1907), son of Leopold I of Baden. Deputized for his brother Ludwig II as regent from 1852; Grand Duke of Baden from 1856. 177, 234–235, 238–240, 245–246, 249–250, 251, 254–255, 257–258, 261–262

Friedrich II (Frederick the Great) (1712–1786), King in Prussia from 1740, King of Prussia from 1772. 367, 408

Friedrich III (1833–1888), German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888), reigned for ninety-nine days. 18, 20, 39–40, 84–86, 95–99, 104–105, 107, 109, 111–114, 117, 122, 185, 298, 304–305, 307–310, 313, 315–317, 320n, 324, 349, 352, 394, 428, 434, 500, 503–504, 520

Friedrich Karl (1828–1885), Prince of Prussia. Prussian general. 106

Friedrich Wilhelm (1620–1688), Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia from 1640. 366, 406, 408

Friedrich Wilhelm I (1688–1740), King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713. 307n, 366

Friedrich Wilhelm II (1744–1797), King of Prussia from 1786. 323

Friedrich Wilhelm III (1770–1840), King of Prussia from 1797. 62

Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1795–1861), King of Prussia from 1840. 321

Friedrich Wilhelm, see Friedrich III

Friedrich, Alexander (1843–1906), teacher and National Liberal politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1884–1899). 255

Friesen-Rötha, Heinrich von (1831–1910), Saxon estate owner, military officer and conservative politician. Member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1883–1892) and the Reichstag (1887–1893). 314

Gaupp, Friedrich Ludwig (1832–1901), jurist and politician. Judge in Ellwangen (1873); professor at the University of Tübingen (1897). Reichstag member (1874–1877). 448–449

Gautsch (dates unknown), Alsation police officer at at Ars-sur-Moselle. 83

Geffcken, Friedrich Heinrich (1830–1896), German jurist and diplomat. Hanseatic chargé d'affaires (1856) at Berlin; minister resident at Berlin (1859) and London (1866–1867); professor at Strasbourg (1872–1881). 112, 315, 364

Geiger, Joseph Egid (1833–1912), jurist and Bavarian politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1881–1887) and the Reichstag (1881–1911). 427, 513, 515

Geiser, Bruno (1846–1898), German journalist and socialist politician. Reichstag member (1881–1887). 272

Georg V (1819–1878), Crown Prince of Hanover (1837); King of Hanover (1851–1866). 55n, 285n, 478

Georg Wilhelm (1880–1912), hereditary Prince of Hanover. 478

George (1819–1904), British prince, 2nd Duke of Cambridge (1850). British army officer. 54, 56, 473, 475

Gessler, Theodor von (1821–1886), Württemberg jurist and statesman. Professor at the University of Tübingen (1857), from 1863 its chancellor. Minister for church and school affairs (1870–1885); member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1862–1870). 426

Gibbon, Edward (1737–1794), British historian and MP (1774–1784). 306

Giers, Nikolai (1820–1895), Russian diplomat and statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1882–1894). 53n, 71, 82n, 92–93

Gisela (1856–1932), Archduchess of Austria. Married Prince Leopold of Bavaria in 1873. 497

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898), British statesman and politician. MP (1832–1845; 1847–1890); chancellor of the exchequer (1852–1855; 1859–1866; 1873–1874; 1880–1882); prime minister (1868–1874; 1880–1885; 1886; 1892–1894). 51–52, 72–73n, 283n–284, 286–287, 291, 299, 360–361, 368n–369, 380, 386, 470n

Glaser, Menrad (1853–1896), typesetter and socialist politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1895–1896). 461

Goldbeck, Bernhard (dates unknown), British consular agent. Vice consul (1880) and consul (1886–1893; repeatedly acting consul general) at Frankfurt. 227–228

Gönner, Albert (1838–1909), jurist, civil servant and politician. Mayor of Baden Baden (1875–1907) and member of second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1883–1908; 1893–1906 its president). 252

Görtz-Wrisberg, Hermann Graf (1819–1889), Brunswick civil servant and statesman. State minister president and plenipotentiary at the Federal Council (1883–1889); president of the council of the regency (1884–1885). 56

Goschen, George Joachim (1831–1907), British statesman and politician. MP (1863–1900); chancellor of the exchequer (1887–1892); first lord of the admiralty (1871–1874; 1895–1900); 1st Viscount Goschen (1900). 298, 338, 346, 402, 462, 491, 551

Göser, Johannes (1828–1893), priest and Württemberg politician. Reichstag member (1887–1893). 432

Gosselin, Martin le Marchant Hadsley (1847–1905), British diplomat. Third secretary at Berlin (1873); second secretary at St Petersburg (1874), Rome, St Petersburg (1880), and Berlin (1882); secretary of legation at Brussels (1885); secretary of embassy at Madrid (1892), and Berlin (1893); minister at Paris (1896); assistant under-secretary of state for Foreign Affairs (1898–1902); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Portugal (1902–1905). 49, 149–154, 159–159, 160–169, 174–177, 179–186, 187, 195–199

Granville, see Leveson-Gower, Granville George

Greene, William Conyngham (1854–1934), British diplomat. Third secretary at Stuttgart (1883); second secretary at Stuttgart (1887), The Hague (1889), Brussels (1891); secretary of legation at Teheran (1893); H.M.’s agent at Pretoria (1896); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1901), Bucharest (1906), and Copenhagen (1911); ambassador to Tokyo (1912–1919). 434, 441n

Grierson, James (1859–1914), British army officer. Military attaché at Berlin (1896–1900). 194

Griesinger, Albert Julius Freiherr von (1836–1899), Württemberg civil servant. From 1883 private secretary to Karl I, then to Wilhelm II 435

Grillenberger, Karl (1848–1897), journalist and socialist politician from Nuremberg. Member of the Reichstag (1881–1897) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1892–1897). 535

Gröber, Adolf (1854–1919), jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1889–1919) and of the Reichstag (1887–1918). 432, 457–459

Grub, Friedrich (1833–1908), farmer, entrepreneur and Württemberg politician. Reichstag member (1887–1890). 432

Gruner, Hans (1865–1943), German explorer and colonist. From 1892 to 1914 colonial official in the German protectorate Togoland. 182, 187

Gudden, Bernhard von (1825–1886), psychiatrist and personal physician to King Ludwig II 19, 485–487

Guidi, Giovanni Battista (1852–1904), Catholic priest and diplomat of the Hoy See; uditore at Munich (1887). Secretary of state to Leo XIII (1890–1892); titular Archbishop of Stauropolis (1902). 505–506

Gurko, Iosif 231; see also Romeiko-Gurko, Count Iosif Vladimirovich

Haberkorn, Ludwig (1811–1901), Saxon jurist and politician. Mayor of Kamenz (1856) and Zittau (1857–1886); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1893; its president 1859–1870; 1875–1890); Reichstag member (1867). 266, 302

Hack, Theophil Friedrich von (1843–1911), head of the Stuttgart municipality (Stadtschultheiß) from 1872 to 1892; member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1882–1884). 428

Haffner, Paul Leopold (1829–1899), Catholic priest. Vicar general (1866–1877) and from 1886 Bishop of Mainz. From 1899 member of the first chamber of the Hessian Landtag. 228–229

Hahnke, Wilhelm von (1833–1912), Prussian general; chief of the military cabinet of the King of Prussia and German Emperor (1888–1901). 177

Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi (1832–1905), Swahili-Arab merchant and slave trader; known as Tippu Tip. Governor of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State (1887–1891). 319

Hamilton, Lord George Francis (1845–1927), British statesman and politician. MP (1868–1906); first lord of the admiralty (1886–1892), secretary of state for India (1895–1903). 491

Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick (1826–1902), British diplomat and statesman; Irish peer. Created Earl of Dufferin in British peerage (1871) and Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1888). Governor general of Canada (1872); ambassador to St Petersburg (1879), and Constantinople (1881); viceroy of India (1884); ambassador to Rome (1888) and Paris (1891–1896). 59, 151

Harcourt, Sir William Vernon (1827–1904), British statesman. MP (1868–1904); home secretary (1880–1885); chancellor of the exchequer (1886; 1892–1895). 60, 156, 160–161, 165, 222, 271

Hardinge, Arthur Henry (1859–1933), British diplomat. Consul general at Zanzibar (1894); commissioner of the East Africa Protectorate (1895); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Teheran (1900), Brussels (1906), and Lisbon (1911); ambassador to Madrid (1913–1919). 196–197n

Hartmann, Eduard von (1842–1906), German philosopher. 328

Hatzfeldt, Paul Graf von (1831–1901), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary to Madrid (1874); ambassador to Constantinople (1878); secretary of state in the Berlin foreign office (1881); minister of state without portfolio (1882–1885); ambassador to London (1885–1901). 39, 51–53, 179n, 188–189, 199–201

Heine, Karl (1819–1888), entrepreneur and National Liberal politician from Leipzig. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1888) and the Reichstag (1874–1877). 272

Heinrich (1862–1929), Prussian prince and German admiral. 40, 177, 209n, 548

Helena (1846–1923), Princess of the United Kingdom, third daughter of Queen Victoria. Married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein in 1866. 40

Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–1894), German physicist and physician. Professor of physiology at Königsberg (1849), Bonn (1855), and Heidelberg (1858); professor of physics at Berlin (1871). 361–362

Helyar, Horace Augustus (1853–1893), British diplomat. Third secretary at Madrid (1878) and The Hague (1879); second secretary at The Hague (1881) Washington (1884), St Petersburg (1888), and Munich (1890–1893). 249, 518, 526

Hendry, Donald (c.1854–1935), companion of Charles Woodcock; from 1879 to 1888 on continental tour in Europe; from 1883 at Stuttgart; from 1910 librarian at Pratt Institute Free Library in Brooklyn, New York. 436, 438

Heneage, Charles (1841–1901), British diplomat. Third secretary at the Hague (1867), and Munich (1869); second secretary at St Petersburg (1872–1874). 237

Heneage, Edward (1840–1922), British politician. MP (1865–1868; 1880–1892); Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1886); 1st Baron Heneage (1896). 237

Herbette, Jules (1839–1901), French diplomat and foreign office official. Ambassador to Berlin (1886–1896). 81, 83, 133–134, 141, 161–16, 162, 178

Herbette, Marie Mathilde (b.1845), née Sibert. Married Jules Herbette in 1867. 133

Hermann (1825–1901), Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Württemberg general. 428, 434

Hertling, Georg von (1843–1919), Catholic politician and statesman. Bavarian minister president (1912–1917); imperial chancellor and minister president of Prussia (1917–1918); member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1887–1891) and Reichstag (1875–1912). 543

Hertslet, Sir Edward (1824–1902), Foreign Office librarian and author of reference works. 160

Hervey, Henry (1832–1898), civil servant (Foreign Office). Junior clerk (1854); 1854; assistant clerk (1871); senior clerk (1877–1896). 293n, 297, 439

Heuduck, Wilhelm von (1821–1899), Prussian general. Commander of the XV imperial army corps at Strasbourg (1885–1890). 231

Hill, Sir Clement Lloyd (1845–1913), British diplomat and politician. Junior clerk (1867); acting second secretary at Munich (1875–1876); private secretary to the under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1885–1886); assistant clerk (1886); senior clerk (1894–1905); MP (1906–1913). 160n, 179n, 187, 196–197n

Hinzpeter, Georg Ernst (1827–1907), teacher. From 1867 tutor to Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (Wilhelm II); from 1904 member of the Prussian upper house. 115, 349

Hirsch, Maurice Baron de (1831–1896), financier and philanthropist based in Paris; originally from Planegg (Bavaria). Founder of the Oriental Railway and the Jewish Colonization Association. 482

Hirth, Georg (1841–1916), statistician, journalist, and publisher. Co-owner and from 1881 editor of the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten. 516

Hofmann, Johann (1842–1915), Württemberg farmer and politician. Schultheiß (executive official) of Igersheim (1905). 461

Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig Fürst zu (1819–1901), German statesman. Member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1846–1876) and the Reichstag (1868–1881); Bavarian minister president (1866–1870); imperial ambassador to Paris (1874); governor general of Alsace-Lorraine (1885); Prussian minister president and imperial chancellor (1894–1900). 164–167, 174, 177, 182, 185, 195, 210, 213–214, 216, 231, 393, 398

Hohenthal und Bergen, Wilhelm Graf von (1853–1909), Saxon diplomat and statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1885–1906); minister of the interior and of foreign affairs (1906–1909). 166, 370

Hoiningen-Huene, Karl Freiherr von (1837–1900), Prussian politician and estate owner. Member of Prussian upper house (1876–1895), the house of deputies (1877–1900), and the Reichstag (1880–1893). 147n, 529–530

Holles, see Pelham-Holles, Thomas

Holstein, Friedrich von (1837–1909), German diplomat and civil servant. Second secretary of embassy (1871) and secretary of legation (1872) at Paris; employed in the political department of the Berlin foreign office between 1876 and 1906. 155, 164–165

Hornig, Richard (1841–1911), equerry, private secretary and companion of Ludwig II of Bavaria. 469n–470, 476

Huene, see Hoiningen-Huene, Karl Freiherr von

Hunt, see Carew-Hunt, Henry Thomas

Iddesleigh, see Northcote, Stafford

Ißleib, Ferdinand (1838–1897), merchant from Berka. Business partner of August Bebel (1876–1884). 270

Itajubá, Marcos Antônio de Araújo e Abreu, barão de (1842–1897), Brazilian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary to Berlin (1891–1897). 156

Jackson, Richard (b.1846), assistant to the United States (US) consul in Stuttgart (1876–1881); from 1881 reader, court councillor and lover (until 1883) of King Karl of Württemberg; returned to the USA in 1893. 436–437

Jacobini, Lodovico (1832–1887), Italian cardinal from 1879. Apostolic nuncio to Austria (1874–1880) and cardinal secretary of state (1880–1887). 493–494, 496

Jagemann, Eugen von (1849–1926), Baden jurist and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1893–1903). 166

Jameson, Sir Leander Starr (1853–1917), British colonial administrator and politician. Chief magistrate of Mashonaland (1891–1893); administrator of Matabeleland (Southern Rhodesia; 1894–1896); for his involvement in the raid against the South African Republic sentenced to fifteen months’ imprisonment (June 1896). From 1900 member of the assembly of the Cape Colony; prime minister of the Cape Colony (1904–1908). 171–173, 188–189, 190n, 192, 196n, 410, 413n, 545–547

Jarrys, Freiherr von La Roche, Max du (1834–1888), military officer. Marshal of the court of Prince Leopold of Bavaria. 497

Jocelyn, William Nassau (1832–1892), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Stockholm (1868) and Berne (1873); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1874–1878); chargé d'affaires to Hesse and Baden at Darmstadt (1878–1892). 19, 221–248, 249

Johann Albrecht (1857–1920), German prince. Regent of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1897–1901) and regent of the Duchy of Brunswick. (1907–1913); president of the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft (1895–1920). 181

Johnston, Sir Henry Hamilton (1858–1927), British explorer, diplomat, and colonial administrator. Consul in Mozambique (1889); commissioner and consul general for the British Central Africa Protectorate (1891); consul general at Tunis (1897); commissioner, commander in chief and consul general for the Uganda Protectorate (1999–1901). 196

Joost, Wilhelm (1860–1917), German business man and consul at Lourenço Marques (Maputo) (1893–1895). 180

Jöst, Franz (1851–1921), socialist politician. Member of the second chamber of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (1885–1896) and the Reichstag (1890–1896). 242

Kálnoky, Gusztáv Zsigmond gróf (1832–1898), Austro-Hungarian diplomat and statesman. Minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to Copenhagen (1874); ambassador to St Petersburg (1880); minister of foreign affairs (1881–1895). 76, 368–369

Kaltenborn-Stachau, Hans Karl von (1836–1898), Prussian general and statesman. Minister of war (1890–1893). 522

Karl Alexander (1818–1901), Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach from 1853. 262

Karl I (1823–1891), King of Württemberg from 1864. 7, 19–20, 428–429, 434–440, 442–443, 446–447, 450, 454

Katkov, Mikhail (1818–1887), Russian journalist and from 1863 editor of the Moskovskiye Vedomosti (Moscow News). 67, 82n, 288

Kaulbars, Nikolai Vasil‘evich (1842–1906), Russian general. Military attaché at Vienna (1881–1886); special mission to Sofia (1886). 70, 287–288

Kaulla, Max (1829–1906), lawyer from Stuttgart. 424

Kayser, Paul (1845–1898), German jurist and civil servant. From 1890 to 1896 head of the colonial section of the Berlin foreign office. 158, 160–161, 169, 196–199

Keller, Fritz von (1850–1923), forester and politician. President of the Württemberg Forstdirektion (1913–1920); Reichstag member (1887–1890). 432

Kemnitz, Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm von (1826–1900), German jurist. Mayor of Frankfurt an der Oder (1871–1894). 106

Kennedy, Charles M. (1831–1908), civil servant (Foreign Office). Later senior clerk at the Commercial and Sanitary Department (1872–1894). 300, 336

Khalid Bin Barghash Al-Busa'Idi (1874–1927), Sultan of Zanzibar (25–27 August 1886). 200, 205

Kilian, Fritz (b. c.1849), German subject; arrested at Nice in 1888 for espionage. 438

Kimberley, see Wodehouse, John

Kirk, Sir John (1832–1922), Scottish physician, explorer, and diplomat. Consul general at Zanzibar (1880–1887). 197

Klein, Albert (1836–1902), pharmacist and National Liberal politician. Member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1891–1894). 256–257

Klein, Tobias (dates unknown), salesman from Strasbourg. In 1887 sentenced to six years’ imprisonment for treason against Germany. 86n, 88

Kloß, Karl (1847–1908), carpenter, unionist and socialist politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1895–1908), and the Reichstag (1890–1903). 444, 461

Knoop, Wilhelm (1836–1913), German banker, philanthropist. US vice consul at Dresden. 299

Kochetov, Evgenii L‘vovich (1845–1905), Russian journalist. Berlin correspondent for the Novoye Vremya. 350

Köller, Ernst von (1841–1928), Prussian civil servant and politican. Under-secretary of state in the imperial ministry for Alsace-Lorraine (1889); Prussian minister of the interior (1894–1895); Oberpräsident of Schleswig-Holstein (1897); imperial state secretary for Alsace-Lorraine (1901–1908). Reichstag member (1881–1889). 164, 185–186, 397

Königsmarck, Carl Graf von (1839–1910), Prussian estate owner. Member of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation (1867) and the Prussian upper house (from 1877). 40

Könneritz, Léonçe Robert Freiherr von (1835–1890), Saxon landowner and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1866–1876) and the Reichstag (1874–1877); Oberhofmarschall (1873–1891); Kreishauptmann of Zwickau (1874) and Leipzig (1876); minister of finance (1876–1890). 339

Krementz, Philipp (1819–1899), Archbishop of Cologne (1885–1899). Created cardinal in 1893. 479–480

Kruger, Paul (1825–1904), South African politician. Member of the executive triumvirate (1881–1883) and president of the South African Republic (Transvaal) (1883–1900); from 1900 in exile. 15, 18, 171n, 172n, 181, 190–193, 412–413, 546

Kusserow, Heinrich von (1836–1900), Prussian diplomat. Secretary of legation at Washington (1865–1868); Legationsrat in the Berlin foreign office (1874); Prussian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg (1885–1890); Reichstag member (1871–1874). 49

Labouchère, Henry Du Pré (1831–1912), English journalist, writer, politician. Attaché at Washington, Munich, Stockholm, Frankfurt, St Petersburg, and Dresden (1854–1862); second secretary at Constantinople (1862–1863); MP (1865–1868; 1880–1906). 361

Ladenburg, Ferdinand (1835–1899), German banker. From 1884 British vice consul at Mannheim. 237

Lascelles, Sir Frank Cavendish (1841–1920), British diplomat. Consul general at Cairo (1879) and Sofia (1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1887) and Teheran (1891); ambassador to St Petersburg (1894) and Berlin (1895–1908). 9–10, 18, 187–195, 197n, 199–217

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864), socialist politician and writer. Founding president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1863). 279

Launay, Edoardo de (1820–1892), Italian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1853–1861 for Sardinia; 1861–1864; 1867–1892) and St Petersburg (1864–1867); from 1875 ambassador to Berlin. 40, 103

Leemann, Julius (1845–1905), farmer and politician. From 1891 professor for agriculture at Tübingen. Member of the of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1888–1891) and of the Reichstag (1884–1891). 432

Lefebvre de Béhaine, Édouard Alphonse, comte de (1829–1897), French diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Munich (1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague (1880); ambassador to the Holy See (1882). 510

Leipziger, Adolf Hilmar von (1825–1891), Prussian civil servant. Oberpräsident of the Prussian province of Hanover (1878) and of the province of West Prussia (1888–1891). 110

Leo XIII (1810–1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci. Pope from 1878. 79–80, 137–138, 480, 482, 488, 493–497, 503, 505–506, 512, 515, 528, 542–543

Leonrod, Leopold Freiherr von (1829–1905), Bavarian jurist and minister of justice (1887–1902). 517

Leopold (1846–1930), Prince of Bavaria. German army officer. 497, 525

Leopold II (1835–1909), King of the Belgians from 1865. 150, 160, 212

Lerchenfeld-Köfering, Hugo Graf von und zu (1843–1925), Bavarian diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Paris (1871) and Vienna (1876); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1880–1918). 165–166, 484, 520, 549

Leszczynski, Paul von (1830–1918), Prussian general. Commander of the IX imperial army corps (1888–1891). 132

Leveson-Gower, Granville George (1815–1891), 2nd Earl Granville (1846), British statesman. MP (1837–1846); foreign secretary (1851–1852; 1870–1874; 1880–1885); lord president of the council (1852–1866 with interruptions in 1854–1855 and 1858–1859); colonial secretary (1868–1870). 33–53, 221–226, 265–276, 284n, 295, 423–427, 467–475

Levetzow, Albert von (1827–1903), German jurist and conservative politician. Reichstag member (1867–1871; 1877–1903); its president (1881–1885; 1888–1895); from 1890 member of the Prussian upper house. 174–176

Lieber, Ernst (1838–1902), German politician and co-founder of the Catholic Zentrum party. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1902) and the Reichstag (1871–1902). 216

Liebermann von Sonnenberg, Max (1848–1911), German army officer, politician and anti-Semitic publicist. Reichstag member (1890–1907). 196

Liebermeister, Carl (1833–1901), German physician. From 1871 professor at the university of Tübingen. 436, 438

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900), socialist politician. After the failed Baden revolution of 1848–1849 went into exile in Switzerland and then England (1850–1862); returned to Germany 1862; member of the Reichstag (1867–1871; 1874–1900), and the Saxon second chamber (1879–1886; 1889–1892). 50, 223, 233, 266–272, 279, 302, 345, 389, 397

Limpöck, Klementine Freiin von (1837–1900), lady in waiting to Archduchess Gisela. 497

Lister, Thomas Villiers (1832–1902), civil servant (Foreign Office). Assistant under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1893). 34, 86, 236–237, 297, 360–361, 425, 428, 442, 517

Louis Viereck (1851–1922), socialist journalist and politician. Reichstag member (1884–1887); emigrated to the USA in 1896. 272

Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Karl Fürst zu (1834–1921), Catholic politician, friar and priest (from 1908). Hereditary member of the first chambers of Bavaria (1856), Baden (1860), Württemberg (1861), and Hesse (1863); president of the central committee of German Catholics (1868) and co-founder of the Zentrum party (1870). Reichstag member (1871–1872). 80

Lucanus, Hermann von (1831–1908), Prussian civil servant; chief of the privy council (Geheimes Zivilkabinett) of Wilhelm II (1888–1908). 177

Lüderitz, Adolf (1834–1886), German merchant and colonist in South West Africa. 34n, 36n, 40–41

Ludwig I (1786–1868), King of Bavaria (1825–1848). 483

Ludwig II (1845–1886), King of Bavaria from 1864. 19, 469–470, 474, 480–488, 499n, 504, 514, 519–520

Ludwig III (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913); reigned as last King of Bavaria (1913–1918). 481, 511, 548

Ludwig III (1806–1877), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1848. 518

Ludwig IV (1837–1892), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1877. 243–245, 249, 254, 259

Luise (1838–1923), Prussian princess. Grand Duchess of Baden from 1856. 261n–262

Luitpold (1821–1912), Prince of Bavaria. Prince regent from 1886. 352, 469–470n, 481, 484–485n, 488–489, 498–500, 504–506, 508–511, 513n–517, 519–520, 523, 525, 542–543, 551

Lutz, Johann (1826–1890), Bavarian statesman. Minister of justice (1867–1871) and of cultural affairs (1869–1880); head of the council of ministers (1880–1890); ennobled in 1880 and given the title Freiherr in 1883. 476, 488–489, 504, 511–515, 519

Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell (1817–1887), British diplomat. Baron Lyons (1858), created Viscount Lyons (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Washington (1858–1865), ambassador to France (1867–1887). 10, 64, 82

Lytton, see Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–1859), British historian and politician. MP (1830–1847; 1852–1856); secretary at war (1839–1841); created 1st Baron Macaulay (1857). 309

MacDonell, Sir Hugh Guion (1832–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1875) and Rome (1878); chargé d'affaires at Munich (1882); envoy extraordinary to Rio de Janeiro (1885), Copenhagen (1888), and Lisbon (1893–1902). 8, 55, 181, 467–480

Mackenzie, Sir Morell (1837–1892), British physician. 18, 112, 305, 316–317, 500, 503

Malcolm, Ian Zachary (1868–1944), British diplomat and politician. Honorary attaché at Berlin (1891–1893) and Paris (1893); assistant private secretary to the secretary of state, Salisbury, (1895–1898); MP (1895–1906; 1910–1919). 151

Malet, Sir Edward Baldwin (1837–1908), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Peking (1871), Athens (1873), and Rome (1875); secretary of embassy at Rome (1876) and Constantinople; consul general in Egypt (1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1883); ambassador to Berlin (1884–1895). 9–10, 13, 15–16, 21, 41–47, 48–49, 53–54, 61, 65–80, 82, 84–86, 91, 93–106, 110–111, 114–117, 119–128, 131–140, 143–145, 147–149, 151–152, 154–159, 161–162, 169–173, 177–179, 180–181, 287, 326–327, 490

Malsen, Ludwig Freiherr von (1828–1895), Bavarian diplomat and court official. Oberhofmarschall from 1868. 486

Maltzahn, Helmuth Freiherr von (1840–1923), Prussian statesman. State secretary in the imperial treasury (1888–1893); Oberpräsident of the province of Pommerania (1810–1911). Reichstag member (1871–1888). 241

Mann, Tom (1856–1941), British trades unionist, socialist politician and activist. 203, 417

Manteuffel, Edwin Freiherr von (1809–1885), Prussian general. Military governor of Schleswig (1864); commander during the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War; governor general of Alsace-Lorraine (1879–1885). 276–277

Margherita (1851–1926), Princess of Savoy. Queen consort of Italy (1878–1900). 141, 155n

Maria Alexandrovna (1849–1926), née von Adlerberg. Married Niko Dadiani. 71

Marie (1825–1889), Princess of Prussia. Married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1842, Queen of Bavaria from 1848. 486, 508–509

Marie (1849–1922), Princess of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Married Prinz Heinrich VII Reuß zu Köstritz in 1876. 384

Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf Freiherr (1842–1912), jurist and diplomat. Baden envoy to Berlin and plenipotentiary at the Federal Council (1883–1890); imperial state secretary for foreign affairs (1890–1897); German ambassador to Constantinople (1897) and London (1912). Member of the first chamber of the Baden Landtag (1875–1883) and the Reichstag (1878–1881). 16, 18, 128–130, 133, 135, 140–141, 143–144, 151, 153–157, 159, 169–173, 179–181, 186, 188–196, 203–205, 207, 211, 213–214, 217n, 238n, 413–414

Mason, Joseph T. (dates unknown), US consul in Dresden (1876–c.1889). 299

Mathilde (1843–1878), Princess of Bavaria. Married Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine in 1833, Grand Duchess of Hesse from 1848. 244

Matthews, Henry (1826–1913), British lawyer, politician, and statesman. MP (1868–1874; 1886–1895); secretary of state for the home department (1886–1892); raised to peerage as Viscount Llandaff (1895). 125, 301, 347

Maximilian I Joseph (1756–1825), Duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (1795), Prince-Elector of Bavaria (1799). King of Bavaria (1806). 503–504

Maximilian II (1811–1864), King of Bavaria from 1848. 483, 504

Maybach, Albert von (1822–1904), Prussian railway official and statesman. President of the imperial railway office; imperial under-secretary of state (1877); Prussian minister of commerce and public works (1878–1891); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1888; 1890–1893). 121, 224–226

Mechow, Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander von (1831–1890), Prussian military officer, naturalist and explorer of Africa. 34

Meier, Ernst Julius (1828–1897), Saxon theologian. Superintendent (1867) and court chaplain (1890) at Dresden. 293

Melchers, Paulus (1813–1895), Archbishop of Cologne (1866). Exiled to the Netherlands (1875); cardinal priest in Rome (1885). 479–480

Merensky, Alexander (1837–1918), German physician and missionary of the Berlin Missionary Society; from 1859 to 1882 active in South Africa; inspector of the Berlin city mission (1883); from 1891 to 1893 in Eastern Africa. 35

Metz, Ignatz (1829–1909), lawyer at Darmstadt and National Liberal politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1878–1896). 255

Metzsch, Georg von (1836–1927), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior (1891–1906), foreign minister (1894–1906), and minister president (1901–1906); member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1907–1918). 369, 374, 399–402, 407, 418

Meunier, V.J.A. (dates unknown), French army officer. Military attaché at Berlin (1890–1894). 150

Michie, Alexander (1833–1902), British merchant, writer and journalist. Times special correspondent at Tientsin (1883–1894). 202–203

Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873), English philosopher and economist. 360

Minghetti, Marco (1818–1886), Italian statesman. Prime minister of Italy (1863–1864; 1873–1876). 154

Miquel, Johannes von (1828–1901), jurist, National Liberal politician and Prussian statesman. Mayor of Osnabrück (1865–1870; 1876–1880) and Frankfurt am Main (1880–1890); Prussian minister of finance (1890–1901). Member of the second chamber of the Hanoverian Landtag (1864–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1877), the upper house (1882–1890; 1901), and the Reichstag (1867–1877; 1887–1890). 146, 233

Mirbach-Sorquitten, Julius von (1839–1921), jurist, estate owner and conservative politician. Member of the Prussian upper house (1874–1918) and the Reichstag (1878–1881; 1886–1898). 371

Mittnacht, Hermann Freiherr von (1825–1909), Württemberg jurist and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1861–1900); minister of justice (1867–1878), foreign minister (1873–1900) and minister president (1876–1900). 431, 437, 439–440, 442, 450–453, 456–458, 460–462, 468

Möbius, Kurt (dates unknown), secretary at the German general consulate in London. 36

Moeller, Eduard von (1814–1880), Prussian civil servant. Oberpräsident of Hesse Nassau (1867) and Alsace-Lorriane (1871–1879), 276–277

Mohrenheim, Arthur Pavlovich (1824–1906), Russian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Copenhagen (1867–1882); ambassador to London (1882–1884) and Paris (1884–1897). 533

Moltke, Helmuth Graf von (1800–1891), Prussian general. Chief of staff of the Prussian army (1858–1888); member of the Reichstag (1867–1891) and the Prussian upper house (1872). 131, 428, 490

Moltke, Helmuth Johannes von (1848–1916), Prussian general; aide-de-camp to Wilhem II (1891); chief of the imperial general staff (1906–1914). 384

Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903), historian, classical scholar, and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1866; 1873–1879) and the Reichstag (1881–1884); Nobel laureate in literature (1902). 323

Monson, Sir Edmund (1834–1909), British diplomat. Consul general and minister resident at Montevideo (1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1879), Copenhagen (1884), Athens (1888), and Brussels (1892); ambassador to Vienna (1893) and Paris (1896–1905). 10, 64

Morier, Sir Robert Burnett David (1826–1893), British diplomat. Attaché at Vienna (1853) and Berlin (1858); second secretary at Berlin (1862); secretary of legation at Athens (1865), Frankfurt (1866), and Darmstadt (1866); chargé d'affaires at Stuttgart (1871) and Munich (1872); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1876) and Madrid (1881); ambassador to Russia (1884–1893). 9, 18, 93, 114–115, 322, 364, 509–510

Moser, Rudolf von (1840–1909), Württemberg diplomat and civil servant. Deputy plenipotentiary (1875–1879; 1882–1890) and plenipotentiary (1890–1894) at the Federal Council; from 1890 also envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin. 452–455

Mostyn, Hubert George Charles (1860–1935), 7th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1883), British diplomat. Third secretary at Stuttgart (1889); second secretary at Stuttgart (1891; also acted as chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt in 1891 and in 1892), at Belgrade (1892), Berne (1893), and Brussels (1895–1898). 442, 445–447

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (1853–1907), Qajar shah of Iran from 1897. 261

Mpande kaSenzangakhona (1798–1872), king of the Zulu people (1840–1872). 46

Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad (1618–1707), known as Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor (1658–1707) 326

Müller, August (1825–1877), Württemberg village official (Schultheiß) in Güglingen. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1861–1862). 441

Müller, Franz (1840–1864), German tailor; convicted murderer of Thomas Briggs. 501–502

Müller, Franz Carl (1860–1913), psychiatrist and personal physician to Prince Otto of Bavaria. 486

Müller, Gottlieb von (1816–1897), Priest and prelate from Stuttgart. 441

Müller, Martin (b. c.1854), would-be assassin of Prince Wilhelm of Württemberg. 441–442

Münster, Georg Herbert Graf zu (1820–1902), German diplomat. Hanoverian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1856–1865); imperial ambassador to London (1873) and Paris (1885–1900). Member of the first chamber of the Hanoverian Landtag (1846–1866), the Reichstag (1867–1874), and the Prussian upper house (1867–1902). 36, 43, 45–46, 48, 116, 134, 274

Murad I (1326–1389), Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389. 326

Muraviev, Mikhail Nikolaevich (1845–1900), Russian diplomat and statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Copenhagen (1893–1896); foreign minister (1897–1900). 154

Nachtigal, Gustav (1834–1885), German physician, explorer, and colonist. Consul general at Tunis (1882); imperial commissioner for West Africa (1884). 13, 35–36, 45n, 50

Napoleon I (1769–1821), Emperor of the French (1804–1814; 1815). 244, 303, 342n

Napoleon III (1808–1873), Charles Louis, later Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. President of the French Second Republic (1848–1851); assumed dictatorial powers in December 1851; Emperor of the French (1852–1870). 42

Natal‘ia Obrenovich (1859–1941), née Keschko; known as Natalie of Serbia. As wife of Milan I, Princess consort (1875) and Queen consort (1882–1889) of Serbia. 110–111

Ndumbé Lobé Bell (1839–1897), also known as King Bell; leader of the Duala people (South Cameroon) from 1858, businessman, and politician. 275

Neipperg, Reinhard von (1856–1919), estate owner and politician. Member of the first chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1880–1887) and the Reichstag (1881–1890). 432

Nelson, Horatio (1758–1805), British admiral. 1st Viscount Nelson (1801). 411, 442

Neurath, Konstantin Sebastian Freiherr von (1847–1912), jurist, estate owner and Württemberg politician. Member of the Reichstag (1881–1890). 432

Newcastle, see Pelham-Holles, Thomas

Nicholas II (1868–1918), Tsar of Russia (1894–1917). 18–19, 183, 259–262, 415–416

Niko I Dadiani (1846–1903), last Prince of Mingrelia (Samegrelo) from 1853 to 1867. 71

Northcote, Stafford (1818–1887), British statesman and politician. MP (1855–1885); president of the Board of Trade (1866–1867), secretary of state for India (1867–1868); chancellor of the exchequer (1874–1880); first lord of the treasury (1885–1886); 1st Earl of Iddesleigh from 1885; foreign secretary (1886–1887). 56, 57, 65–73, 229–231, 278–279, 285–288, 293n, 475, 490–492

Nostitz-Wallwitz, Hermann von (1826–1906), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior (1866–1891), the royal house (1869–1871; 1882–1895), and foreign affairs (1876–1882); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1866) and the Reichstag (1874–1877). 268–270, 291–292, 300–301

Nostitz-Wallwitz, Oswald von (1830–1885), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1873–1885). 33, 467

Novalis (1772–1801), German poet and author. 304

Olga (1869–1924), Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 434

Ol‘ga Nikolaievna (1822–1892), Grand Duchess of Russia. Married Karl of Württemberg in 1846, Queen Olga of Württemberg from 1864. 428–429, 434, 445, 450

Oppenheimer, Sir Charles (1836–1900), merchant and British consular agent. Consul (1880) and consul general (1882–1900) at Frankfurt. 227–228

Orterer, Georg (1849–1916), Bavarian teacher and Catholic politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1883–1916; from 1899 its president) and the Reichstag (1884–1892); styled Ritter von Orterer (1901). 516–517, 545

Osten-Sacken, Nikolai von der (1831–1912), Russian diplomat. Minister resident at Darmstadt (1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1880); ambassador to Berlin (1895–1912). 204

Otto (1848–1916), King of Bavaria (1886–1913). 470n, 485, 489, 498–500, 520

Ow-Wachendorf, Hans Freiherr von (1843–1921), estate owner, civil servant and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1876–1906) and the Reichstag (1878–1890). 432

Paasche, Hermann (1851–1925), German statistician, economist, and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1881–1884; 1893–1918). 417

Palmerston, Henry John Temple (1784–1865), 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1802), British statesman. MP (1807–1865); secretary at war (1809–1828); foreign secretary (1830–1841; 1846–1851); home secretary (1851); prime minister (1855–1858; 1859–1865). 286

Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846–1891), Irish politician. MP (1875–1891), leader of the Home Rule League (1880) and the Irish National Land League (1882). 299, 345

Pasteur, Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), French diplomat. Secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1891–1894). 154

Pauncefote, Julian (1828–1902), British diplomat. Assistant under-secretary of state for the colonies (1874) and foreign affairs (1876); permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1882); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1889) and ambassador to the United States of America (1893); created 1st Baron Pauncefote (1899). 234, 277, 279, 293n, 295, 423, 480, 486, 493, 497

Payer, Friedrich von (1847–1931), lawyer and democratic politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1894–1912) and the Reichstag (1877–1878; 1880–1887; 1890–1917). 444, 458, 461

Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), British statesman. MP (1809–1850); home secretary (1821–1830); prime minister (1834–1835; 1841–1846). 289, 343

Pelham-Holles, Thomas (1693–1768), Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, British statesman. Prime minister (1754–1756; 1757–1762); 1st Duke of Newcastle under Lyme. 364

Pergler von Perglas, Maximilian Joseph (1817–1893), Bavarian diplomat. Minister resident at Athens (1847) and Hanover (1854); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1860), Paris (1866), and Berlin (1868–1877; from 1870 also plenipotentiary at the Federal Council); from 1877 royal chamberlain (with duties of master of ceremonies). 510

Peter, Clemens (died 1891), priest at the Dresden Johanneskirche. 293

Peters, Carl (1856–1918), German explorer, politician, and colonist. Founder of the Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft (1884); imperial high commissioner for the Kilimanjaro Region (1891–1892); for his cruel treatment of the local people dismissed from his post at the Imperial Colonial Office for misuse of official power (1897); until 1914 resident in England. 34–35, 182, 318–319, 335–336

Pfeil, Markus Graf (1859–1916), German consular official. Vice consul and commissary consul at Lourenço Marques (1895–1897); consul at Bombay (1898–1903) and Kiev (1903–1905). 180

Pfister, Philipp (1832–1889), Bavarian civil servant. Court secretary to Ludwig II (1884). 469, 476

Pfisterer, Georg Philipp (1837–1915), farmer and anti-Semitic politician. Member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1895–1899). 256–257

Pfretzschner, Adolph Freiherr von (1820–1901), Bavarian statesman. Minister of trade (1865–1866) and finances (1866–1872); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1872–1880); member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1872–1897). 510

Pickard, Benjamin (1842–1904), British coal miner, politician and trades unionist. MP (1885–1904). 389

Pickenbach, Wilhelm (1850–1903), businessman and politician. Co-founder of the Deutscher Antisemiten-Bund (1884). Reichstag member (1890–1893). 243

Pietro, Angelo Di (1828–1914), apostolic nuncio to Munich (1882) and Madrid (1887). Cardinal (1893) and prefect of the Congregation of the Council (1893–1895). 493–494, 496–497

Pitt, William (1708–1778), known as Pitt the elder, British statesmam. Prime minister (1766–1768); 1st Earl of Chatham (1866). 326, 364

Pitt, William (1759–1806), known as Pitt the younger, British statesman. Prime minister (1783–1801; 1804–1806). 286, 289, 364

Pius VII (1742–1823), born Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti. Cardinal 1785; pope from 1800. 503

Pius IX (1792–1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti. Pope from 1846. 80

Plessen, Ludwig Freiherr von (1848–1929), German and Prussian diplomat. Secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1883), Vienna (1884), and London (1884); consul general at Budapest (1888–1890); envoy extraordinary and minister at Athens (1894–1902); Prussian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Darmstadt (1890–1894) and Stuttgart (1902–1907). 41, 170

Polignac, Jules de (1780–1847), French diplomat and statesman. Minister president (1829–1830). 289

Pollock, Sir Jonathan Frederick (1783–1870), British lawyer, judge, and politician. MP (1831–1844); attorney general (1834–1835; 1841–1844); chief baron of the exchequer (1844–1866); 1st baronet (1866). 502

Poppe, Johannes (dates unknown), journalist and editor of the Dresdner Journal. 407–408

Powerscourt, see Wingfield, Mervyn

Preißer, Max (1853–1925), carpenter and socialist agitator from Lindendau. 270

Preysing-Lichtenegg-Moos, Conrad Graf von (1843–1900), Bavarian nobleman and Catholic politician. Member of the Reichstag (1871–1893; 1900–1903) and the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag from 1881. 542

Primrose, Archibald (1847–1929), 5th Earl of Rosebery (1868), British statesman. Lord privy seal (1885); foreign secretary (1886; 1892–1894); prime minister (1894–1895); created Earl of Midlothian (1911). 17, 63–64, 142n, 143–156, 169n, 228–229, 249–250, 282–284, 327n, 368–386, 387, 396, 401, 429–431, 448–456, 483–489, 527–533

Puttkamer, Robert von (1828–1900), Prussian statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1884; 1890–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1879–1885), and the upper house (from 1889); Oberpräsident of Silesia (1877) and Pomerania (1891–1899); minister of cultural affairs (1879–1881) and of the interior (1881–1888). 57n, 109–110

Quidde, Ludwig (1858–1941), German historian, liberal politician and pacifist. Executive secretary of the Prussian Historical Station at Rome (1890–1892); member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1907–1918) and the Weimar National Assembly (1919); Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1927); emigrated to Switzerland (1933). 537–538

Racke, Nicola (1847–1908), wine merchant and Catholic politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1875–1893) and the Reichstag (1884–1890). 242

Radolin, Hugo Graf von (1841–1917), Prussian and German diplomat. Secretary of legation at Dresden (1874–1876); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1876–1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Weimar (1882–1884) and at Constantinople (1892–1894); ambassador to St Petersburg (1895–1900) and Paris (1901–1910). Oberhofmarschall to Friedrich Wilhelm (Friedrich III) and Princess Victoria (1884–1888). 40

Radziwill, Anton von (1833–1904), Prussian general. Adjutant general and aide-de-camp to Wilhelm I and Friedrich III 40

Raesfeldt, Ferdinand von (1835–1914), civil servant in the Bavarian ministry for finance; deputy plenipotentiary at the Federal Council (1877–1884; in 1880 plenipotentiary). 34

Ranke, Leopold von (1794–1886), German historian. 304

Ratzinger, Georg (1844–1899), Catholic priest, publicist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1881; 1893–1899) and the Reichstag (1877–1878; 1893–1899). 549–550

Rauchenecker, Johann (1853–1903), brewery owner and Catholic politician. Member of the Reichstag (1892–1893). 528

Reichardt, Julius (1826–1898), publisher and founding editor of the Dresdner Nachrichten. 307, 321

Reuter, Paul Julius Freiherr von (1816–1899), entrepreneur, journalist, and founder of Reuter's Telegram Company. Naturalized British subject (1857). 59–60

Rhodes, Cecil (1853–1902), British business man, colonist and South African politician. Founder of the British South Africa Company (1889); prime minister of the Cape Colony (1890–1896). 170–173, 180, 192, 546

Ribot, Alexandre (1842–1923), French statesman. Prime minister (1892–1893; 1895; 1914; 1917); minister of foreign affairs (1890–1893; 1917), of the interior (1893), of finance (1895; 1914–1917), and of justice (1914). 523

Richard I (1157–1199), King of England from 1189. 370

Richter, Eugen (1838–1906), publicist and liberal politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1906) and the Prussian house of deputies (1869–1905). 50, 97, 214, 216, 299, 310–311, 316, 389

Rickert, Heinrich (1833–1902), journalist and liberal politician. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1903) and the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1902). 389

Riecke, Karl von (1830–1898), civil servant and Württemberg statesman. Head of the Württemberg statistical bureau (1873–1880) and the Steuerkollegium (1880–1891); minister of finance (1891–1898); plenipotentiary at the Federal Council (1871–1872; 1892–1898); member of the first chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1872–1891). 461

Riedel, Emil von (1832–1906), Bavarian jurist and statesman. Minister of finance (1877–1904). 483, 514

Ripon, see Robinson, George

Robertson, Charles Boyd (d.1905), British diplomat and civil servant (Foreign Office). Acting third secretary at Washington (1871); acting second secretary at Stuttgart (1879); acting assistant clerk (1882); assistant clerk (1882); superintendent of the treaty department (1894–1903). 152, 312

Robinson, George (1827–1909), Earl de Grey and Earl of Ripon (1859), British statesman. Secretary of state for war (1863–1866), for India (1866), and for the colonies (1892–1895); lord privy seal (1905–1908); 1st Marquess of Ripon (1871). 171

Robinson, Sir Hercules (1824–1897), British colonial administrator. Governor of Hong Kong (1859), British Ceylon (1865), New South Wales (1872), Fiji (1874), and New Zealand (1879); high commissioner for Southern Africa and governor of the Cape Colony (1881–1889; 1895–1897); created 1st Baron Rosmead (1896). 37

Robinson, Sir Thomas (1703–1777), English politician and architect. 326

Romeiko-Gurko, Count Iosif Vladimirovich (1828–1901), Russian field marshal. Governor of St Petersburg (1879–1880); governor general of Poland (1883–1894). 231

Roos, Johann Christian (1828–1896), Catholic priest. Bishop of Limburg (1885); Archbishop of Freiburg (1886). 235, 242

Rosebery, see Primrose, Archibald

Rößler, Constantin (1820–1896), German publicist and journalist. From 1877 head of the Prussian Literarisches Büro; secretary of legation in the Prussian ministry of foreign affairs (1892–1894). 309, 394, 537

Rotenhan, Wolfram Freiherr von (1845–1912), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1884–1890), Berne (1897), and the Holy See (1897–1907); under-secretary of state in the Berlin foreign office (1890). 149–150, 213

Rudini, see Starabba, Antonio

Ruffo-Scilla, Fulco Luigi (1840–1895), Catholic priest and apostolic nuncio to Munich (1887–1889); elevated to cardinal in 1891. 505

Russell, Emily (1843–1927), née Villier; British courtier. Married Odo Russell in 1868; Baroness Ampthill (1881). 38–40

Russell, Francis Shirley (1840–1912), British army officer. Military attaché at Berlin (1889–1891). 119

Russell, Odo (1829–1884), British diplomat. Attaché at Paris, Vienna, Constantinople, Washington, and Naples; from 1860 on special service at Rome (as unaccredited envoy to the Holy See); on special mission to the German headquarters at Versailles (November 1870–March 1871); ambassador to Berlin (1871–1884); styled Lord Odo Russell from 1872, created Baron Ampthill (1881). 08–10, 13–15, 25n, 33–37, 38–40, 49

Safferling, Benignus von (1836–1898), Bavarian general and statesman; minister of war (1890–1893). 522

Said Pasha Kurd (1834–1907), Ottoman statesman and diplomat. Governor general of the Archipelago (1881); minister of foreign affairs (1882; 1885–1896); ambassador to Berlin (1883–1885). 53

Saldern, Conrad von (1847–1908), German diplomat. Acting consul in Ragusa (1882) and acting consul general in Sofia (1884); temporarily in charge of the imperial legation at Tangier (1887); acting consul general at Warsaw (1887) and Odessa (1888); consul at Tbilisi (1889), Basel (1893), and Stockholm (1897). Minister resident in Bangkok (1899) and Seoul (1903–1906). 230

Salfeld, Siegmund (1843–1926), German rabbi and scholar. Preacher at Dessau (1870); rabbi in Dessau (1878) and Mainz (1880). 243

Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil (1830–1903), 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1868), British statesman. MP (1853–1868); secretary of state for India (1866–1867; 1874–1878); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1878–1880; 1885–1886; 1887–1892; 1895–1900); prime minister (1885–1886; 1886–1892; 1895–1902). 54–63, 65, 73n, 75–143, 170, 179–217, 226–228, 231–248, 256–262, 284, 288–368, 368n, 380, 401–419, 427–447, 462–463, 475–483, 493–526

Sanderson, Thomas Henry (1841–1923), civil servant (Foreign Office). Junior clerk (1859); private secretary to the foreign secretary (1866–1868; 1874–1878; 1880–1885); assistant clerk (1876); senior clerk (1885); assistant under-secretary (1889), then permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1894–1906); created Baron Sanderson (1905). 76, 144, 340n, 358, 381n, 385, 403, 462, 519, 523

Sarwey, Otto von (1825–1900), Württemberg civil servant and statesman. Minister for church and school affairs (1885–1900); member of the Württemberg Landtag (1856–1864; 1866–1876) and the Reichstag (1874–1876). 426

Schäffle, Albert (1831–1903), political economist. Professor at the universities of Tübingen (1860) and Vienna (1868); Austrian minister for trade (February to October 1871), then publicist in Stuttgart; member of the Württemberg Landtag (1862–1865). 269, 551–552

Schauß, Friedrich von (1831–1893), jurist, banker and National Liberal politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1869–1892) and the Reichstag (1871–1881). 507–508

Schickert, Paul (1827–1906), Saxon railway official and politician. Stadtrat in Dresden and member of the Landtag (1888–1894). 333

Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805), German poet and playwright. 538

Schippel, Max (1859–1928), Saxon journalist and socialist politician. Professor for Staatswissenschaften at Dresden (1923–1928); Reichstag member (1890–1905). 345

Schmidt, Reinhardt (1838–1909), German businessman and liberal politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1890–1909) and the Reichstag (1881–1907). 175

Schmits, August (1838–1921), journalist and from 1872 to 1901 editor of the Kölnische Zeitung. 115

Schnæbelé, Guillaume (Wilhelm Schnäbele) (1831–1900), French railway police officer, originally from Alsace. 83–84, 86–87, 296

Schönhardt, Karl (1833–1916), jurist. Attorney general at Stuttgart. 424

Schorlemmer-Alst, Burghard Freiherr von (1825–1895), estate owner and Catholic politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1889), the Reichstag (1870–1871; 1874–1885; 1890), and the Prussian upper house (1890–1895). 147–148

Schott von Schottenstein, Maximilian Freiherr (1836–1917), Württemberg general and statesman. Minister of war (1892–1901) and minister president (1900–1901). 453–455

Schütte, Ernst Wilhelm (1848–1919), from 1885 chief of the political police in Berlin. 111

Schwabe, Christian Julius (dates unknown), Saxon public prosecutor. 280, 337

Schweinfurth, Georg August (1836–1925), botanist, ethnologist. Explorer of Africa, and promoter of German colonialism. 182

Schweinitz, Hans Lothar von (1822–1901), Prussian general and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary to Vienna (1869); imperial ambassador to Vienna (1871) and to St Petersburg (1876–1892). 71

Scott, Sir Charles Stewart (1838–1924), British diplomat. Second secretary at Mexico (1866), Lisbon (1868), Stuttgart (1871), Munich (1872), Vienna (1873), St Petersburg (1874), and Darmstadt (1877); secretary of legation at Coburg (1879); repeatedly acting chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt from 1877 to 1883, and at Stuttgart in 1881; secretary of embassy at Berlin (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1888) and Copenhagen (1893); ambassador to St Petersburg (1898–1904). 37–41, 47–57, 60–68, 81–84, 86–93, 106–110

Senden-Bibran, Gustav von (1847–1909), German admiral. Chief of the imperial naval cabinet (1889–1906); adjutant general to Wilhelm II (1901–1909). 177, 206

Sharpe, Alfred (1853–1935), British colonial administrator. Commissioner and consul general for the British Central Africa Protectorate (1896–1907); governor of Nyasaland (1907–1910). 196

Shuvalov, Count Petr Andreievich (1827–1889), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to London (1874–1879). 94, 131–133

Shuvalova, Countess Elena (1830–1922), née Chertkova. Married Pyotr Shuvalov in 1864. 133

Siegle, Gustav (1840–1905), industrialist and Württemberg politician. Reichstag member (1887–1898). 432, 444

Sieveking, Ernst Friedrich (1836–1909), German jurist. Member of the Hamburg Bürgerschaft (1874–1877) and senate (1877–1879); from 1870 president of the common court of appeal of the Hanse towns. 187

Sigl, Johann Baptist (1839–1902), Bavarian journalist and politician. Founding editor of the Bayerisches Vaterland (1869); member of the Reichstag (1893–1898) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1897–1899). 528, 530–531, 538, 549

Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (1208–1265), Franco-English nobleman. 370

Singer, Paul (1844–1911), factory owner and socialist politician from Berlin. Reichstag member (1884–1911). 389

Smith, Adam (1723–1790), Scottish philosopher and economist. 360

Smith, William Henry (1825–1891), British bookseller, newsagent, politician, and statesman. MP (1868–1891); first lord of the admiralty (1877–1880); secretary of state for war (1885–1886; 1886–1887); first lord of the treasury (1887–1891). 89, 491

Soden, Heinrich Freiherr von (1864–1941), Württemberg military officer. 509

Soden, Oskar Freiherr von (1831–1906), Württemberg diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Karlsruhe (1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1868–1906). 451, 495, 509

Solms-Sonnenwalde, Eberhard Graf zu (1825–1912), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Rio de Janeiro (1872), Dresden (1873), and Madrid (1878); ambassador to Rome (1887–1893). 155

Spaarmann, Adolf (1837–1911), German publisher at Styrum. 112

Spahn, Peter (1846–1925), jurist and Catholic politician. Prussian minister of justice (1817–1918); member of Prussian house of deputies (1882–1888; 1891–1898; 1904–1907), the Reichstag (1884–1917; vice president 1895–1898; 1909–1911), the Weimar National Assembly (1919/20), and the Weimar Reichstag (1920–1925). 175

Spitzemberg, Wilhelm Freiherr Hugo von (1825–1888), Württemberg general. Grand chamberlain, and aide-de-camp to King Karl I. 436–437

Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil (1859–1918), British diplomat. Second secretary at Brussels (1891), Washington (1893), Berlin (1895), and Constantinople (1898); secretary of legation at Teheran (1898); British commissioner at the Casse de la Dette Publique in Cairo (1901); secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1903); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Teheran (1906) and Stockholm (1908); ambassador to Washington (1913–1918). 187, 195, 202

Stablewski, Florian (1841–1906), Polish priest and Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan (1891–1906). Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1876–1891). 137–138

Staelin, Julius (1837–1889), businessman, manufacturer, and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1876–1889) and the Reichstag (1877–1889). 432

Stanhope, Edward (1840–1893), British politician and statesman. MP (1874–1893); president of the Board of Trade (1885–1886); secretary of state for the colonies (1886–1887); secretary of state for war (1887–1892). 491, 519, 525

Stanley, Edward Henry (1826–1893), styled Lord Stanley prior to 1869, 15th Earl of Derby (1869), British statesman. MP (1848–1869); parliamentary under-secretary at the Foreign Office (1852); secretary of state for the colonies (1858; 1882–1885); first secretary of state for India (1858–1859); foreign secretary (1866–1868; 1874–1878). 37, 191, 470, 510

Stanley, Henry Morton (1841–1904), British-American explorer and journalist. 319

Starabba, Antonio, marchese di Rudini (1839–1908), Italian statesman. Prime minister of Italy (1891–1892; 1896–1898). 129, 140

Starke, Wilhelm (1824–1903), German jurist and civil servant. From 1873 to 1896 official in the Berlin ministry of justice; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1859–1861; 1866–1867). 199

Stauffenberg, Franz August Freiherr Schenk von (1834–1901), jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1867–1877; 1879–1899; president 1873–1875); Reichstag member (1871–1893; vice president 1876–1879). 73

Staveley, Thomas G. (1825–1887), civil servant (Foreign Office). Junior Clerk (1843), assistant clerk (1857), senior clerk (1860). 37, 39

Steichele, Anton von (1816–1889), Catholic priest and church historian. From 1878 Archbishop of Munich and Freising. 543

Stephan, Heinrich von (1831–1897), Prussian civil servant. General post director (1870), postmaster general (1876), and state secretary of the imperial post office (1880–1897); Prussian minister of state without portfolio. Member of the Prussian upper house from 1872. 195–196

Stephen, Sir Alexander Condie (1850–1908), British diplomat and translator. Secretary of legation and chargé d'affaires at Coburg (1893–1897); minister resident at Dresden (1897–1901). 148

Stoecker, Adolf (1835–1909), Lutheran theologian, publicist, and politician. Founder of the anti-Semitic Christlich-Soziale Arbeiterpartei (1878); member of the second chamber of the Prussian Landtag (1879–1898) and the Reichstag (1881–1893; 1898–1908). 97, 109n, 325

Stoilov, Konstantin (1853–1901), Bulgarian politician and statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1881; 1883; 1896–1899); minister of justice (1883–1884; 1886–1888; 1894–1896); prime minister (1887; 1894–1899). 233–234

Strachey, Catherine (1841–1920), née Doveton. Married George Strachey in 1862. 418

Strachey, George (1828–1912), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1867), Berne (1873), and Dresden (1873, with additional role of chargé d'affaires); minister resident (1890–1897). 7–8, 11, 17, 21, 23–26, 265–419

Strenge, Karl Friedrich von (1843–1907), jurist and statesman. State minister of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1891–1900). 152

Stromer von Reichenbach, Otto Freiherr von (1831–1891), jurist and mayor of Nuremberg (1867–1891). 325

Stübel, Paul Alfred (1827–1895), lawyer and politician. Mayor of Dresden (1877–1895); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1877–1884) and the Reichstag (1881–1884). 302, 314

Swaine, Leopold (1840–1931), British army officer. Military attaché at St Petersburg (1878), Constantinople (1879–1881), and Berlin (1882–1889; 1891–1896). 38, 58–59, 81–82, 86, 91–93, 116–117, 144–145, 149–150, 165

Széchényi, Emmerich Graf (1825–1898), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm (1849–1850) and Naples (1860–1864); ambassador to Berlin (1878–1892). 40

Tauffkirchen-Guttenberg, Carl von (1826–1895), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1867), the Holy See (1869; from 1871 also accredited for Prussia), and Stuttgart (1874–1895). 79n-80

Tausch, Eugen von (1844–1912), policeman; from 1887 superintendent of the Berlin political police. 209, 213

Tcherevin, see Cherevin, Pyotr Alexandrovich

Tessendorff, Hermann (1851–1895), Prussian jurist. Public prosecutor in Burg (1864), Magdeburg (1867), and Berlin (1873); Senatspräsident at the higher regional courts in Königsberg (1879), Naumburg (1884), and at the Berlin Kammergericht (1885); from 1886 Oberreichsanwalt in Leipzig. 86

Thielmann, Max von (1846–1929), German diplomat. Secretary of legation at Washington (1875) and Brussels (1878); first secretary at Paris (1880), Constantinople (1883). Consul general at Sofia (1886); Prussian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Darmstadt (1887), Hamburg (1890); and Munich (1895); ambassador to Washington (1895); secretary of state of the imperial treasury (1897–1903). 70

Thiers, Adolphe (1797–1877), French statesman and politician. President of the Third Republic (1871–1873). 289, 343

Thil, Friederike Freifrau du Bos du (1811–1891), née Freiin v. Rotsmann. From 1855 mistress of the robes at the grand ducal court of Hesse. 244–245

Thil, Karl Wilhelm Heinrich Freiherr du Bos du (1777–1859), Hessian statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1821–1847), minister for finance (1821–1829), and minister president (1829–1848); member of the first chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1820–1847). 244

Thümmel, Hans von (1824–1895), Saxon jurist and statesman. Minister of finance (1890–1895) and minister president (1891–1895). 346–347, 398–399

Tillett, Ben (1860–1943), British socialist politician and trades unionist. Alderman on the London County Council (1892–1898); MP (1917–1924; 1929–1931). 389

Tirpitz, Alfred von (1849–1930), German admiral, statesman and politician. State secretary of the imperial naval office (1897–1916); member of the Weimar Reichstag (1924–1928). 214, 552

Toerring-Jettenbach, Clemens Maria zu (1826–1891), Bavarian civil servant and chamberlain to Ludwig II; hereditary member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1866). 487

Trafford, William Henry (1833–1910), English jurist and justice of peace for Norfolk; friend of Randolph Churchill. 287

Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–1896), historian and publicist. Professor at the universities of Freiburg, Kiel, Heidelberg, and, from 1873, Berlin; Reichstag member (1871–1884). 309, 406n

Trench, Power Henry Le Poer (1841–1899), British diplomat. Second secretary at Washington (1870), the Foreign Office (1879), and Rome (1881); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1882–1889); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1889–1893); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Mexico (1893–1894) and Japan (1894–1896; also consul general). 128–131, 140–143, 145–147

Tschirschky und Bögendorff, Heinrich von (1858–1916), German diplomat. Private secretary to Herbert von Bismarck (1885); secretary of legation at Vienna (1886), Athens (1888), and Berne (1890); first secretary at Constantinople (1893) and St Petersburg (1894); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Luxembourg (1900); Prussian envoy to Hamburg (1901); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1906–1907); ambassador to Vienna (1913–1916). 69–70

Turban, Ludwig Karl Friedrich (1821–1898), Baden statesman. Minister of commerce (1872–1881); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1876–1893); minister of the interior (1881–1890). 234–235, 237–239, 242, 245–247

Ulrich, Carl (1853–1933), Printer, journalist, socialist politician, and statesman. State president of the People's State of Hesse (1919–1928); member of the second chamber of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (1884–1818), the Hessian Landtag (1919–1931), and the Reichstag (1890–1903, 1907–1918, 1919–1930). 242

Ulrich, Justus (1835–1900), brewery owner and Hessian politician. Reichstag member (1884–1890).

Umberto I (1844–1900), King of Italy from 1878. 128–129, 141, 155n

Urach, Wilhelm Karl von (1864–1928), Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke of Urach; German general. 434

Vansittart, Arthur George (1855–1911), British diplomat. Third secretary at Athens (1879) and Lisbon (1879); second secretary at Buenos Aires (1881), Berlin (1883), The Hague (1884), Stuttgart (1885), Belgrade (1887), Madrid (1892), and Munich (1894); consul at Chicago (1895) and New Orleans (1897); consul general for the Republic of Haiti and San Domingo (1903). 459–460, 535–536, 536, 538

Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen, Axel (1851–1937), Württemberg diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1890), Vienna (1893), and Berlin (1894–1918). 166

Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen, Friedrich Gottlob Karl Freiherr (1809–1889), Württemberg statesman and politician. Member of the Württemberg chamber of deputies (1844–1849; 1851–1889); head of government and minister of foreign affairs (1864–1870); Reichstag member (1872–1881). 431

Vaux of Harrowden see Mostyn, Hubert George Charles

Veiel, Ludwig (1845–1905), jurist and Württemberg politician. From 1897 judge at the Imperial Court of Justice. Reichstag member (1884–1890). 432

Velten, Carl (1819–1896), German physician and Empress Augusta's personal medical attendant. 38

Vera Constantinovna (1854–1912), Grand Duchess of Russia. Married Eugen of Württemberg. 434

Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from1837. Empress of India from 1876. 4, 9, 19–20, 39, 53, 56–57, 85–86, 99–101, 117–119, 121, 188, 193, 212–213, 230, 293n, 297n, 299–300, 308–309, 313, 315, 322, 327, 360n, 390, 440n–441, 445, 497–498

Victoria (1840–1901), Princess Royal of the United Kingdom. Married Friedrich Wilhelm (Friedrich III) in 1858; German Empress and Queen of Prussia from 1888. Known as Empress Frederick after her husband's untimely death in 1888. 20, 39–40, 86, 99–100, 111, 131, 133–135, 205, 259, 305, 308–309, 315, 324, 394, 434, 443

Viktoria (1866–1929), Princess of Prussia. Married Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe in 1890 and, secondly, Alexander Zoubkoff in 1927. 20, 99n, 101

Villers, Hippolyte de (1843–1920), Luxembourg diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Berlin (1889–1916). 150

Villiers, George (1847–1892), British army officer; military attaché at St Petersburg (1880), Berlin (1881) and Paris (1882–1889). 39, 64

Virchow, Rudolf (1821–1902), German pathologist, anthropologist, and liberal politician. Professor at Würzburg (1849) and Berlin (1856); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1862–1902) and the Reichstag (1880–1893). 362

Vittorio Emanuele III (1869–1947), Prince of Naples; King of Italy (1900–1946). Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–1941) and King of the Albanians (1939–1943). 150–151

Vivian, Hussey Crespigny (1834–1893), 3rd Baron Vivian (1886), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1879), Copenhagen (1881), and Brussels (1884); ambassador to Rome (1892–1893). 155

Vladimir Alexandrovich (1848–1909), Grand Duke of Russia and army officer. 71, 185

Vohsen, Ernst (1853–1919), German colonist and publisher. Agent of the French Senegal Company (1875–1887); German consul at Sierra Leone (1881–1887); head of the Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft (1888–1892). 187

Vollmar, Georg von (1850–1922), politician and socialist publicist. Chairman of the Social Democratic Party in Bavaria from 1894; member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1881–1889), the Bavarian Landtag (1893–1918), and the Reichstag (1881–1887; 1890–1918). 266, 279, 472, 535–537, 539

Waddington, William (1826–1894), French statesman and diplomat. Minister of public instruction (1873; 1877); minister of foreign affairs (1877–1879); prime minister (1879); ambassador to London (1883–1893). 76

Wagner, Richard (1813–1883), German composer. 297, 323

Waldersee, Alfred Graf von (1832–1904), German general. Chief of the imperial general staff (1888–1891); commander of the IX imperial army corps (1891–1898); inspector general of the 3rd army inspectorate (1898–1904); commander of the international relief expedition in China (1900). 131–132, 206, 325

Waldersee, Georg Graf von (1860–1932), Prussian army officer. 117

Walpole, Horatio (1717–1797), 4th Earl of Orford, English writer and politician. MP (1741–1768). 344

Walpole, Robert (1676–1745), British statesman and prime minister (1721–1742). 289

Walsham, Sir John (1830–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1878) and Paris (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking (1885) and Bucharest (1892–1895). 34

Washington, Carl Theodor Freiherr von (1833–1897), Bavarian military officer; in 1886 briefly chamberlain to Ludwig II of Bavaria. 486–487

Wasserburg, Phillipp (1827–1897), writer (pseud. Philipp Laicus) and Catholic politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1878–1890; 1893–1897). 242

Watzdorf, Werner von (1836–1904), Saxon civil servant and statesman. Geheimer Legationsrat (1872) and Erster Rat (1881) in the Saxon ministry of foreign affairs; minister of finance (1895–1902). 284, 399

Werthern, Georg Graf von (1816–1895), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1860), Constantinople (1862), Lisbon (1863), Madrid (1864), and Munich (1867–1888). 484

Wetzlich, Eduard (1839–1905), glazier, entrepreneur, and conservative politician. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1885–1897) and the Weimar National Assembly (1919–1920). 379

Weyer, Sylvain van de (1802–1874), Belgian statesman and diplomat. Prime minister (1845–1846); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at London (1831–1845; 1846–1867). 322

White, Sir William Arthur (1824–1891), British diplomat. Agent and consul general at Serbia (1875–1878); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1879–1885); ambassador to Constantinople, (1887–1891). 72

Whitehead, Sir James Beethom (1858–1928), British diplomat. Second secretary at Berlin (1889); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1898) and Brussels (1901); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1902) and Berlin (1903); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Belgrade (1906–1919). 151, 198

Wilhelm (1806–1884), Duke of Brunswick from 1830. 55n–57

Wilhelm (1882–1951), Prussian prince; son of Wilhelm II. 177

Wilhelm I (1797–1888), deputized in 1857 for Friedrich Wilhelm IV, became regent in 1858, King of Prussia from 1861. German Emperor from 1871. 8, 21, 38, 53–54, 67, 70, 72, 77, 84, 92–97, 104–106, 134n, 145, 240, 261n–262, 293–294, 297–299, 305–308, 314, 324, 330–331, 341, 406, 428–429, 436, 508–509, 520, 524, 548

Wilhelm II (1859–1941), German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). 10, 16–18, 20–22, 40, 85, 98, 101, 104–107, 109–110, 113, 115, 117–125, 127, 135, 137–139, 141–142, 145–150, 152–157, 161–167, 174, 176–178, 181, 184, 188, 190, 192–194, 200, 203, 205–208, 212–214, 248n, 259, 297–298, 305, 311–315, 320–321, 323–326, 327n–332, 339, 343–344, 352–358, 361–363, 366–368, 377–378, 384–386, 394, 398–400, 402, 405–406, 408–409, 411–413, 416n, 428, 445–447, 452–456, 462, 511, 519–520, 522, 524, 532, 539–542, 544–548, 551

Wilhelm I (1781–1864), King of Württemberg (1816). 454

Wilhelm II (1848–1921), Prince of Württemberg. King of Württemberg (1891–1918). 151, 429, 434, 437–442, 445–447, 453–454, 456–457, 460, 474

Wilkes, John (1725–1797), English journalist and radical politician. MP (1857–1764; 1768–1769; 1774–1790). 363

Windthorst, Ludwig (1812–1891), Hanoverian statesman and Catholic politician. Minister of justice (1851–1853; 1862–1865); member of the Hanoverian second chamber (1849–1856; 1862–1866; its president 1851), the Reichstag (1867–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1891), and the provincial assembly of Hanover (1884–1891). 62, 74, 147, 288, 432, 493, 496, 528

Wingfield, Mervyn (1836–1904), Irish peer, 7th Viscount Powerscourt from 1844. 249

Winterfeld, Hugo von (1836–1896), Prussian general of the infantry. 146, 313

Wissmann, Hermann von (1853–1905), German army officer, explorer and colonial administrator. Reichskommissar (1889–1890) and governor of German East Africa (1895–1896). 187, 196n–197

Witbooi, Hendrik (!Nanseb |Gabemab) (c.1830–1905), chief of the |Khowesin people from 1888. Leader of the |Khowesin in the revolt against German rule in Namibia from 1904; killed in action in the following year. 200

Witte, Emil (1864–1918), journalist and translator. Berlin correspondent for Reuters and The Standard.

Witzleben, Arthur von (1835–1905), Brunswick administrator (Landschaftsdirektor) and chamberlain of Prince Albrecht of Prussia (as regent of Brunswick). 146

Wodehouse, John (1826–1902), British politician and statesman. Parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852–1856; 1859–1861); colonial secretary (1870–1874; 1880–1882); secretary of state for India (1882–1885; 1886; 1892–1894); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1894–1895); created 1st Earl of Kimberley (1866). 156–179, 179n, 250–256, 386–401, 456–462, 534–541

Woermann, Karl (1844–1933), German art historian. Professor at the Dusseldorf Kunstakademie (1873) and director of the Saxon picture gallery at Dresden (1882). 293

Wölckern, Wilhelm von (1827–1905), Württemberg general. Commander of the XIII (Royal Württemberg) imperial army corps (1886–1895). 453

Wolkenstein-Trostburg, Anton von (1832–1913), Austrian-Hungarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Dresden (1880); head of the trade department in the Austrian foreign office (1881); ambassador to St Petersburg (1882) and Paris (1894–1903). 92

Woodcock, Charles (1850–1923), American pastor. From 1879 to 1889 on continental tour in Europe; from 1883 at Stuttgart where, while royal chamberlain, lover of King Karl of Württemberg; created Freiherr von Savage in 1888. 19–20, 436–440

Wyndham, Percy (1864–1944), British diplomat. Third secretary at Berlin (1892) and Teheran (1895); second secretary at Teheran (1895), Vienna (1897), and Constantinople (1897); secretary of legation at Brussels (1906); secretary of embassy at Rome (1808); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bogota; special mission to the Republic of Poland (1919). 151

Xylander, Emil von (1835–1911), Bavarian general. Plenipotentiary at the Federal Council (1884–1890). 34

Zedlitz und Trützschler, Robert Graf von (1837–1914), Prussian civil servant and statesman. Minister for cultural affairs (1891–1892). Oberpräsident of the Prussian provinces of Poznań (1886), Hesse-Nassau (1898) and Silesia (1903–1908); member of the Prussian upper house from 1910. 138–139

Zimmermann, Oswald (1859–1910), journalist, publicist, and anti-Semitic politician. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1903–1908) and the Reichstag (1890–1898; 1904–1910). 243