Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T18:34:17.120Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Making Things Quantitative

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2008

Theodore M. Porter
Affiliation:
Department of HistoryUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Abstract

Quantification is not merely a strategy for describing the social and natural worlds, but a means of reconfiguring them. It entails the imposition of new meanings and the disappearance of old ones. Often it is allied to systems of experimental or administrative control, and in fact considerable feats of human organization are generally required even to create stable, reasonably standardized measures. This essay urges that the uses of quantification in science, social science, and bureaucratic social and economic policy are analogous in important ways to accountancy.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adorno, Theodor. 1969. “Scientific Experiences of a European Scholar in America. “ Translated by Donald, Fleming. In The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America 1930–1960, edited by Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, 338–70. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Alonso, William, and Paul, Starr, eds. 1987. The Politics of Numbers. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Anderson, Margo. 1989. The American Census: A Social History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cartwright, Nancy. 1989. Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Caufield, Catherine. 1990. “The Pacific Forest.” The New Yorker, 14 May, 4684.Google Scholar
Danziger, Kurt. 1990. Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daston, Lorraine. 1988. Classical Probability in the Enlightenment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Desrosières, Alain. 1989. “Les SpÉCificitÉS De La Statistique Publique En France: Une Mise En Perspective Historique.” Courrier des Statistiques, no. 49 (January): 3754.Google Scholar
Desrosières, Alain. 1990. “How to Make Things Which Hold Together: Social Science, Statistics and the State.” In Discourses on Society, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, vol. 15, edited by Wagner, P., Wittrock, B. and Whitley, R., 195218.Google Scholar
Desrosières, Alain. 1993. La Politique des grands nombres: Histoire de la raison statistique. Paris: Editions la Découverte.Google Scholar
Desrosières, Alain, and Laurent, Thévenot. 1988. Les catégories socioprofessionnelles. Paris: Editions la Découverte.Google Scholar
Feldman, T. 1990. “Late Enlightenment Meteorology.” In Frangsmyr et al. 1990, 143–77.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1973. The Order of Things. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Frängsmyr, Tore, Heilbron, John L., and Robin, Rider, eds. 1990. The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galton, Francis. 1901. “Biometry.” Biometrika 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gigerenzer, Gerd et al. 1989. The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life. Cambridge: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gillispie, Charles. 1980. Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1975. The Emergence of Probability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1983. Representing and Intervening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, Samuel P. 1987. “The Politics of Environmental Administration.”In The New American State: Bureaucracies and Policies since World War II, edited by Louis, Galambos, 2153. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Heilbron, John L. 1979. Electricity in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Holt, Robert R. 1978. Methods in Clinical Psychology, vol. 2: Prediction and Research. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Hopwood, Anthony. 1973. An Accounting System and Managerial Behaviour. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor, W Adorno. 1969. Dialektik der Aufklaärung: Philosophische Fragmente. Frankfurt: S. Fisher Verlag.Google Scholar
Hornstein, Gail A. 1988. “Quantifying Psychological Phenomena: Debates, Dilemmas, and Implications.” In The Rise of Experimentation in American Psychology, edited by Jill, G Morawski. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. S. 1980. “The National System of Scientific Measurement.” Science 210 (21 November):869–74.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila. 1990. The Fifth Branch: Science Advisors as Policymakers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jungnickel, Christa, and Russell, McCormmach. 1986. Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kleinmuntz, Benjamin. [1984] 1986. “The Scientific Study of Clinical Judgment in Psychology and Medicine.” In Judgment and Decision-Making, edited by Hal, R. Arkes and Kenneth, R. Hammond, 551–67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Landes, David. 1983. Revolution in Time. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar
Latour, Burno,. 1988. Science in Action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lundgren, Anders. 1990. “The Changing Role of Numbers in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry.” In Frangängsmyr 1990, 245–66.Google Scholar
Maass, Arthur. 1951. Muddy Waters: The Army Engineers and the Nation's Rivers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Donald. 1985. The Rhetoric of Economics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Mirowski, Philip. 1989. More Heat Than Light: Economics as Social Physics; Physics as Nature's Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Olesko, Kathryn M. 1991. Physics as a Calling: Discipline and Practice in the Königsberg Seminar for Physics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, Karl. [1892] 1957. The Grammar of Science. New York: Meridian.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, William. 1989. “Politics and the Measurement of Ethnicity.” In Alonso and Starr 1989, 187233.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1981. “The Promotion of Mining and the Advancement of Science: The Chemical Revolution of Mineralogy.” Annals of Science 38:543–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1986. The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 18201900. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1992a. “Objectivity as Standardization: The Rhetoric of Impersonality in Measurement, Statistics, and Cost-Benefit Analysis.” Annals of Scholarship 9:1959.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1992b. “Quantification and the Accounting Ideal in Science.” Social Studies of Science 22:633–51.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1993. “Statistics and the Politics of Objectivity.” Revue de Synthèse (4) 1:87101.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1994. “Death of the Object: Fin-de-siècle Philosophy of Physics.” In Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences, edited by Dorothy, Ross. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1995a. “Precision and Trust: Early Victorian Insurance and the Politics of Calculation.” In The Values of Precision, edited by Wise, M. Norton. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1995b. Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, N.Y.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rider, Robin. 1990. “Measure of Ideas, Rule of Language: Mathematics and Language in the Eighteenth Century.” In Frängsmyr 1990, 113–40.Google Scholar
Roberts, Lissa. 1991. “A Word and the World: The Significance of Naming the Calorimeter.” Isis 92:198222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffer, Simon. 1988. “Astronomers Mark Time: Discipline and the Personal Equation.” Science in Context 2:115–45.Google Scholar
Smith, Crosbie, and Norton Wise, M. 1989. Energy and Empire: A Biography of Lord Kelvin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stigler, Stephen. 1986. The History fo Statistic: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1990. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Thévenot, Laurent. 1990. “La politique des statistiques: Les origines des enquêtes de mobilité sociale.” Annales: Economics, Sociétés, Civilisations, no. 6:12751300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1967. “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.” Past and Present38:5697.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress, House of Representatives. 1952. Economic Evaluation of Federal Water Resource Development Projects: Report … from the Subcomittee to Study Civil Works, 82nd Session, House Committee Print No.24.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Works, Subcommittee on Flood Control-Rivers and Harbors. 1957. Hearings: Evaluation of Recreational Benefits from Reservoirs, 85th Congress, 1st Session.Google Scholar
U.S. FIARBC (Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee), Subcommittee on Costs and Benefits. 1950. Proposed Practices for Economic Analysis of River Basin Projects. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C., 19461953. “Records of the Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee Subcommittee on Benefits & Costs.” Record Group 315, Entry 6, Boxes 15.Google Scholar
U.S. War Department, Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles Engineers District. 1943. Benifits from Flood Control: Procedure to be Followed in the Los Angeles Engineer District in Appraising Benefits from Flood Control Improvements. Mimeo, National Archives, Pacific Southwest Region 9Leguna Niguel, Calif.), RG77, 800.5.Google Scholar
Wise, M. Norton. 1989–90. “Work and Waste: Political Economy and Natural Philosophy in Nineteenth-Century Britain.” History of Science 17:263301. 391444; 18:221–61.Google Scholar
Worster, Donald. 1985. Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zinovie, Alexander. 1985. Homo Sovieticus. Translated by Charles, Janson. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.Google Scholar