Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T20:25:28.771Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Einstein and Relativity: What Price Fame?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2012

David E. Rowe*
Affiliation:
AG Geschichte der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften, Mainz University E-mail: rowe@mathematik.uni-mainz.de

Argument

Einstein's initial fame came in late 1919 with a dramatic breakthrough in his general theory of relativity. Through a remarkable confluence of events and circumstances, the mass media soon projected an image of the photogenic physicist as a bold new revolutionary thinker. With his theory of relativity Einstein had overthrown outworn ideas about space and time dating back to Newton's day, no small feat. While downplaying his reputation as a revolutionary, Einstein proved he was well cast for the role of mild-mannered scientific genius. Yet fame demanded its price. Surrounded by social and economic unrest in Berlin, he was caught between two worlds, one struggling to be born, another refusing to die. Far from withdrawing, he threw himself into the political fray to become a symbol for international reconciliation during the early Weimar Republic. A decade later, his public image acquired another layer when he re-emerged as a Stoic sage and selfless humanitarian, a quasi-religious figure who saw himself as a modern-day Spinoza. Focusing on events of this period and the role of the German media in portraying them, this essay highlights the scientific and political undercurrents that drew Einstein into the public eye at a critical juncture in European history. Its broader aim is to show the import of these themes within the context of the vast literature on Einstein as well as the larger historiography of science.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beyerchen, Alan. 1977. Scientists under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Birck, Otto. 1917. “Die Einsteinsche Gravitationstheorie und die Sonnenfinsternis im Mai 1919.” Die Naturwissenschaften, 5 (46)16 November:689696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumenfeld, Kurt. 1962. Erlebte Judenfrage. Ein Vierteljahrhundert deutscher Zionismus. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.Google Scholar
Brenner, Michael. 1996. The Renaissance of Jewish Culture in Weimar Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brian, Denis. 1996. Einstein: A Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Brod, Max. 1960. Streitbares Leben. Autobiographie. Munich: Kindler.Google Scholar
Calaprice, Alice, ed. 2000. The Expanded Quotable Einstein. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Ronald W. 1971. Einstein, the Life and Times. New York: World Publishing.Google Scholar
CPAE 2. 1989. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 2. Edited by Stachel, John. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
CPAE 6. 1996. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 6. Edited by Kox, Anne J., Klein, Martin, Schulmann, Robert. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
CPAE 7. 2002. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 7. Edited by Janssen, Michel, Schulmann, Robert, et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
CPAE 9. 2004. Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 9: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, January 1919-April 1920. Edited by Buchwald, Diana et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
CPAE 10. 2006. Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 10: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, May 1920-December 1920. Edited by Buchwald, Diana et al. . Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Darrigol, Olivier. 2000. Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darrigol, Olivier. 2004. “The Mystery of the Einstein-Poincaré Connection.” Isis 95:614626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Earman, John, and Glymour, Clark. 1980. “Relativity and Eclipses: The British Eclipse Expeditions of 1919 and Their Predecessors.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 11:4985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Michael, and Märker, Karl, eds. 2004. Arnold Sommerfeld. Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel, vol. 2: 19191951. Munich: Deutsches Museum.Google Scholar
Eddington, Arthur S. 1920. Space, Time, and Gravitation: An Outline of the General Theory of Relativity. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1905r. “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.” Annalen der Physik 17:891921; reprinted in CPAE 2, 275–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1914h. “Vom Relativitäts-Prinzip.” Vossische Zeitung, 26 April 1914, no. 209, Morning Edition, 8th Supplement, pp. [1–2]; reprinted in CPAE 6, 3–5.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1915f. “Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.” Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1915), 778–786; reprinted in CPAE 6, 214–224.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1915g. “Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Nachtrag).” Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1915), 799–801; reprinted in CPAE 6, pp. 225–229.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1915h. “Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.” Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1915), 831–839; reprinted in CPAE 6, 233–243.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1915i. “Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation.” Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1915), 844–847; reprinted in CPAE 6, 244–249.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1916e. “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. “Annalen der Physik 49:769822; reprinted in CPAE 6, 283–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1917a. Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. (Gemeinverständlich.) Braunschweig: Vieweg; reprinted in CPAE 6, 420–539.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1918j. “Motive des Forschens,” CPAE 7, Doc. 7, 5558.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1918k. “Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie.” Die Naturwissenschaften 6: 697702; reprinted in CPAE 7, 114–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1918l. “Bemerkung zu E. Gehrckes Notiz ‘Über den Äther’.” Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 20: 261; reprinted in CPAE 7, 126–128.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1919d. “Prüfung der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie,” Die Naturwissenschaften, 7: 776; reprinted in CPAE 7, 199–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1919f. “Time, Space, and Gravitation.” The Times (London), 28 November 1919, 13–14; reprinted in CPAE 7, 213–214.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1920f. “Meine Antwort. Über die anti-relativitätstheoretische G.m.b.H.” Berliner Tageblatt, 27 August 1920, Morning Edition, p. 1–2; reprinted in CPAE 7, 345–347.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special and the General Theory. Translated by Robert W. Lawson. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1921h. “Wie ich Zionist wurde.” Jüdische Rundschau, 21 June 1921, 351–352; reprinted in CPAE 7, 427–428.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1934. The World as I See It. Edited by Alan Harris. New York: Covici Friede.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1949. “Autobiographical Notes.” In Schilpp 1949, 1–95.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 1954. Ideas and Opinions. New York: Bonanza Books.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert. 2001. Mein Weltbild. Edited by Carl Seelig, 27th ed. Munich: Ullstein.Google Scholar
Einstein, Albert and Sommerfeld, Arnold. 1968. Briefwechsel. Edited by Armin Hermann. Basel: Schwabe.Google Scholar
Elon, Amos. 2002. The Pity of It All. A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743–1933. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Fadiman, Clifton, ed. 1939. I Believe: The Personal Philosophies of Certain Eminent Men and Women of Our Time. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Feuer, Lewis. 1989. Einstein and the Generations of Science. New Brunswick: Transaction.Google Scholar
Fölsing, Albrecht. 1993. Albert Einstein. Eine Biographie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Fölsing, Albrecht. 1997. Albert Einstein. A Biography. Translated by Osers, Ewald. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Frank, Philipp. 1947. Einstein, His Life and Times. Translated by Rosen, George, edited by Kusaka, Shuichi. New York: Alfred Knopf.Google Scholar
Frank, Philipp. 1949. Einstein, sein Leben und seine Zeit. Munich: Paul List.Google Scholar
Freundlich, Erwin. 1916. Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie. Berlin: Julius Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galison, Peter. 2003. Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gehrcke, Ernst. 1916. “Zur Kritik und Geschichte der neueren Gravitationstheorien.” Annalen der Physik, 51:119124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehrcke, Ernst. 1919. “Berichtigung zum Dialog über die Relativitätstheorien.” Die Naturwissenschaften 7:147148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, Paul. 1898. “Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation.” Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik 43:93104.Google Scholar
Glaser, Ludwig. 1920. “Zur Erörterung über die Relativitätstheorie. Entgegnung an Herrn Professor Dr. M. v. Laue.” Tägliche Rundschau (14 August), 431. Unterhaltungsbeilage.Google Scholar
Glick, Thomas, ed. 1987. The Comparative Reception of Relativity. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goenner, Hubert. 1992. “The Reception of Relativity in Germany as Reflected by Books Published between 1908 and 1945.” In Studies in the History of General Relativity, edited by Eisenstaedt, Jean and Kox, Anne J., 1538. Einstein Studies, vol. 3. Boston: Birkhäuser.Google Scholar
Goenner, Hubert. 1993. “The Reaction to Relativity Theory I: The Anti-Einstein Campaign in Germany.” Science in Context 6:107133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goenner, Hubert. 2005. Einstein in Berlin: 1914–1933. Berlin: Beck.Google Scholar
Grundmann, Siegfried. 1998. Einsteins Akte. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumbel, Emil Julius. 1922. Vier Jahre politischer Mord. Berlin: Verlag der neuen Gesellschaft.Google Scholar
Hackeschmidt, Jörg. 1997. Von Kurt Blumenfeld zu Norbert Elias. Die Erfindung einer jüdischen Nation. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt.Google Scholar
Hagner, Michael, ed. 2005. Einstein on the Beach. Der Physiker als Phänomen. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.Google Scholar
Hentschel, Klaus. 1990. Interpretationen und Fehlinterpretationen der speziellen und der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie durch Zeitgenossen Albert Einsteins. Basel: Birkhäuser.Google Scholar
Hentschel, Klaus. 1997. The Einstein Tower. An Intertexture of Dynamic Construction, Relativity Theory, and Astronomy, translated by Hentschel, Ann M.. Palo Alto CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hermann, Armin. 1994. Einstein, der Weltweise und sein Jahrhundert: eine Biographie. Munich: Piper.Google Scholar
Highfield, Roger and Carter, Paul. 1993. The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. New York: St. Martins.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Banesh. 1972. Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Banesh and Dukas, Helen. 1979. Albert Einsten, the Human Side: New Glimpses from His Archives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, Don and Stachel, John, eds. 2000. Einstein: The Formative Years, 1879–1909. Boston: Birkhäuser.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacson, Walter. 2007. Einstein: His Life and Universe. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Israel, Jonathan. 2001. Radical Enlightenment. Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungnickel, Christa and McCormmach, Russell. 1986. Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, vol. 2, The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870–1925. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kayser, Rudolf. 1932. Spinoza. Bildnis eines geistigen Helden. Vienna: Phaidon Verlag.Google Scholar
Kayser, Rudolf. 1946. Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero. New York: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Kennefick, Daniel. 2007. “Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington, and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition.” arXiv:0709.0685v2, to appear in the proceedings of the 7th Conference on the History of General relativity, Tennerife, 2005, Einstein Studies, vol. 12.Google Scholar
Kessler, Harry. 1999. Berlin in Light: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937). New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Kleinert, Andreas. 1993. “Paul Weyland, der Berliner Einstein-Töter.” Naturwissenschaft und Technik in der Geschichte. 25 Jahre Lehrstuhl für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und Technik am Historischen Institut der Universität Stuttgart, edited by Helmuth Albrecht, 198–232. Stuttgart: Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik.Google Scholar
Kleinert, Andreas and Schönbeck, Charlotte. 1978. “Lenard und Einstein. Ihr Briefwechsel und ihr Verhältnis vor der Nauheimer Diskussion von 1920.” Gesnerus 35:318333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, Oskar. 1925. Offene Briefe an Albert Einstein und Max von Laue über die gedanklichen Grundlagen der speziellen und allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Vienna: Verlag Braumüller.Google Scholar
Kretschmann, Erich. 1917. “Über den physikalischen Sinn der Relativitätspostulate. A. Einsteins neue und seine ursprüngliche Relativitätstheorie.” Annalen der Physik 53:575614.Google Scholar
Laue, Max von. 1917. “Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation. Bemerkungen zur gleichnamigen Abhandlung von P. Gerber.” Annalen der Physik 53S:214216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laue, Max von. 1920Historisch-Kritisches über die Perihelbewegung des Merkur.” Die Naturwissenschaften 8:735736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laue, Max von. 1933. “Ansprache bei Eröffnung der Physikertagung in Würzburg am 18.9.1933.” Physikalische Zeitschrift 34:889890.Google Scholar
Lenard, Phillip. 1918. “Über Relativitätsprinzip, Äther, Gravitation.” Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik 15:117136.Google Scholar
Lenard, Phillip. 1922. “Über Äther und Uräther. Zweite, vermehrte Auflage mit einem Mahnwort an deutsche Naturforscher.” Leipzig: Hirzel.Google Scholar
Lenard, Philipp. 2003. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. Band 4, edited by Schönbeck, Charlotte. Berlin: Diepholz.Google Scholar
Levenson, Thomas. 2003. Einstein in Berlin. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Mach, Ernst. 1904 Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung. Historisch-kritisch dargestellt, 5th rev. ed. Leipzig: Brockhaus.Google Scholar
Machamer, Peter. 1998. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marianoff, Dimitri and Palma, Wayne. 1944. Einstein: an Intimate Study of a Great Man. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Mommsen, Hans. 2001. Von Weimar nach Auschwitz. Zur Geschichte Deutschlands in der Weltkriegsepoche. Munich: Ullstein.Google Scholar
Moszkowski, Alexander. 1919. “Die Sonne bracht’ es an den Tag!” Berliner Tageblatt, 8 October 1919, Abendausgabe.Google Scholar
Moszkowski, Alexander. 1921. Einstein: Einblicke in seine Gedankenwelt. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe.Google Scholar
Nathan, Otto and Norden, Heinz. 1960. Einstein on Peace. New York: Avenel Books.Google Scholar
Neffe, Jürgen. 2005. Einstein. Eine Biographie. Berlin: Rowohlt.Google Scholar
Norton, John. 1992. “The Physical Content of General Covariance.” In Studies in the History of General Relativity: Einstein Studies, Vol. 3, edited by Eisenstaedt, Jean and Kox, Anne J., 281315. Boston: Birkhäuser.Google Scholar
Norton, John. 2000. “Nature Is the Realization of the Simplest Conceivable Mathematical Ideas: Einstein and the Canon of Mathematical Simplicity.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 31:135170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheimer, J. Robert. 1979. “On Albert Einstein.” In Einstein. A Centenary Volume, edited by French, Anthony P., 4449. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Overbye, Dennis. 2000. Einstein in Love, a Scientific Romance. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Pais, Abraham. 1982. ‘Subtle is the Lord. . .’ The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pais, Abraham. 1994. Einstein Lived Here. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, Torsten and Neubauer, Hendrik, eds. 2000. Die Weimarer Zeit in Pressefotos und Fotoreportagen. Cologne: Könemann.Google Scholar
Pyenson, Lewis. 1983. The Young Einstein. Bristol: Adam Hilger.Google Scholar
Reichinstein, David. 1932. Albert Einstein, sein Lebensbild und seine Weltanschauung. Prague: Selbstverlag des Verfassers.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, H. 1920. “Ritz gegen Einstein.” Deutsche Zeitung, 21 August.Google Scholar
Reiser, Anton (pseudonym of Rufolf Kayser). 1930. Albert Einstein: A Biographical Portrait. New York: Albert & Charles Boni.Google Scholar
Renn, Jürgen, ed. 2005. Albert Einstein. Dokumente eines Lebensweges. Berlin: Wiley-VCH.Google Scholar
Renn, Jürgen and Schulmann, Robert, eds. 1992. Albert Einstein/ Mileva Marić. The Love Letters. Translated by Smith, Shawn. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, David. 2004a. “Making Mathematics in an Oral Culture: Göttingen in the Era of Klein and Hilbert.” Science in Context 17 (1/2):85129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, David. 2004b. “The Mathematicians’ Happy Hunting Ground: Einstein's Theory of General Relativity.” Mathematical Intelligencer 26 (2):5866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, David. 2006. “Einstein's Allies and Enemies: Debating Relativity in Germany, 1916–1920.” In Interactions: Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy, 1860–1930, edited by Hendricks, Vincent F., et al. , 231280. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 251. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, David and Schulmann, Robert, eds. 2007. Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, David. 2008a. “Essay Review: Einstein Studies, Volume 11: a Retrospective Review.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 39:667686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, David. 2008b. “Max von Laue's Role in the Relativity Revolution.” Mathematical Intelligencer 30 (3):5460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayen, Jamie. 1985. Einstein in America: The Scientist's Conscience in the Age of Hitler and Hiroshima. New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Schapkow, Carsten. 2001. “Die Freiheit zu philosophieren”: Jüdische Identität in der Moderne im Spiegel der Rezeption Baruch de Spinozas in der deutschsprachigen Literatur. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag.Google Scholar
Scheideler, Britta. 2002. “The Scientist as Moral Authority: Albert Einstein between Elitism and Democracy, 1914–1933.” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 32:319346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilpp, Paul Arthur, ed. 1949. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, vol. 1. New York: Harper Torchbooks.Google Scholar
Schönbeck, Charlotte. 2003. “Philipp Lenard und die frühe Geschichte der Relativitätstheorien.” In Lenard 2003, 323–375.Google Scholar
Schweber, Silvan. 2006. “Einstein and Oppenheimer: Interactions and Intersections.” Science in Context 19:513559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweber, Silvan. 2008. Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seelig, Carl. 1952. Einstein und die Schweiz. Zurich: Europa Verlag.Google Scholar
Seelig, Carl. 1960. Albert Einsein, eine dokumentarische Biographie. Zurich: Europa Verlag.Google Scholar
Seeliger, Hugo von. 1917. “Bermerkungen zu P. Gerbers Aufsatz: Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation.” Annalen der Physik 53:3132.Google Scholar
Stachel, John. 2002. Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’. Einstein Studies, vol. 9. Boston: Birkhäuser.Google Scholar
Staley, Richard. 1998. “On the Histories of Relativity: The Propagation and Elaboration of Relativity Theory in Participant Histories in Germany, 1905–1911.” Isis 89:263299.Google Scholar
Staley, Richard. 2008. Origins of the Relativity Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Fritz. 1999. Einstein's German World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tomaschek, Rudolf. 1942. “Lenards Äthervorstellung.” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaften 8:117136.Google Scholar
Tuckolsky, Kurt. 1919. Review published under the pseudonym Ignaz Wrobel. Die Weltbühne 20.03.1919, Nr. 13, S. 317, http://www.textlog.de/tucholsky-der-untertan-mann.html (last accessed January 11, 2012).Google Scholar
Vallentin, Antonia. 1954. The Drama of Albert Einstein. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
van Dongen, Jeroen. 2007. “Reactionaries and Einstein's Fame: German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science, Relativity, and the Bad Nauheim Meeting.” Physics in Perspective 9 (2):212230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, Scott. 1999. “Minkowski, Mathematicians, and the Mathematical Theory of Relativity.” In The Expanding Worlds of General Relativity. Einstein Studies, vol. 7, edited by Goenner, Hubert, et al. , 4586. Boston: Birkhäuser.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wazeck, Milena. 2005. “Einstein in the Daily Press: A Glimpse into the Gehrcke Papers.” In The Universe of General Relativity, Einstein Studies, vol. 11, edited by Kox, A.J. and Eisenstaedt, Jean, 339356. Boston/Basel/Berlin: Birkhäuser.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wazeck, Milena. 2009. Einsteins Gegner – Die öffentliche Kontroverse um die Relativitätstheorie in den 1920er Jahren. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.Google Scholar
Wazeck, Milena. 2010. “The 1922 Einstein Film: Cinematic Innovation and Public Controversy.” Physics in Perspective 12:163179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinzierl, Ulrich. 1982. Carl Seelig, Schriftsteller. Vienna: Löcker.Google Scholar
Wesch, Ludwig. 1942. “Lenards Werk – Vorbild zukünftiger Forschung.” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaften 8:101114.Google Scholar
Weyland, Paul. 1920a. “Einsteins Relativitätstheorie – eine wissenschaftliche Massensuggestion.” Tägliche Rundschau, 2 August, Unterhaltungsbeilage, Evening Edition. Reprinted in Weyland 1920b, 2124.Google Scholar
Weyland, Paul. 1920b. “Betrachtungen über Einsteins Relativitätstheorie und die Art ihrer Einführung. Vortrag gehalten am 24. August 1920 im großen Saal der Philharmonie zu Berlin.” Schriften aus dem Verlage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft e. V., issue 2. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft e. V./Köhler.Google Scholar
Weyland, Paul. 1920c. “Neue Beweise für die Unrichtigkeit der Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie.” Deutsche Zeitung, 23 August 1920.Google Scholar
Weyland, Paul. 1920d. “Die Naturforschertagung in Nauheim. Erdrosselung der Einsteingegner.” Deutsche Zeitung, 26 September 1920.Google Scholar
Winteler-Einstein, Maja. 1987. “Albert Einstein – Beitrag für sein Lebensbild.” CPAE, vol. 1, xlviiilxvi.Google Scholar
Yavelov, Boris. 2002. “Einstein's Zurich Colloquium.” In Einstein Studies in Russia, edited by Balashov, Y. and Vizgin, V., 261296. Einstein Studies, vol. 10. Boston: Birkhäuser.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuelzer, Wolf. 1982. The Nicolai Case. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar