1. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (New York, 1999).Google Scholar

2. Verdery, Katherine, “The Elasticity of Land: Problems of Property Restitution in Transylvania,” Slavic Review 53, no. 4 (Winter 1994): 1071–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Also consider Timothy Mitchell's argument about how the very materiality of the paper on which colonial maps were drawn exerted an influence on seemingly purely social and economic transformations. Mitchell, Timothy, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (Berkeley, 2002)Google Scholar.

3. Yurchak, Alexei, Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, 2006)Google Scholar; Weiner, Douglas R., A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev (Berkeley, 1999)Google Scholar.

4. Eunice Blavascunas, “The Peasant and Communist Past in the Making of an Ecological Region: Podlasie, Poland” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Cruz, 2008).

5. Slavic Review's special issue on tourism and travel (vol. 62, no. 4 [Winter 2003]) did pay some attention to natural monuments, however, and book reviews on environmental publications have appeared more or less regularly. The five articles are: Ely, Christopher, “The Origins of Russian Scenery: Volga River Tourism and Russian Landscape Aesthetics,” Slavic Review 62, no. 4 (Winter 2003): 666-82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kramer, John M., “The Environmental Crisis in Eastern Europe: The Price for Progress,” Slavic Review 42, no. 2 (Summer 1983): 204-20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stone, Daniel, “The Cable Car at Kasprowy Wierch: An Environmental Debate in Interwar Poland,” Slavic Review 64, no. 3 (Fall 2005): 601-24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schwartz, Katrina Z. S., “‘The Occupation of Beauty’: Imagining Nature and Nation in Latvia,” East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 2 (May 2007): 259-93CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wylie, Gillian, “Challenging the State-Socialist Order: A New Social Movement in Poland,” East European Politics and Societies 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 698–721 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The statistics include Slavic Review's pre-1961 predecessors.

6. This was no doubt spurred on by a nascent environmentalism in the United States after the first Earth Day (1970), Love Canal (1978), Three Mile Island (1979), and the realization that our oil reserves are finite following the oil crisis of 1973. Goldman, Marshall I., The Spoils of Progress: Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass., 1972)Google Scholar; Komarov, Boris [Wolfson, Zeev], The Destruction of Nature in the Soviet Union (White Plains, N.Y., 1980)Google Scholar; Singleton, Fred, ed., Environmental Misuse in the Soviet Union (New York, 1976)Google Scholar; Feshbach, Murray and Friendly, Alfred Jr., Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege (New York, 1992)Google Scholar.

7. Jancar, Barbara, Environmental Management in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia: Structure and Regulation in Federal Communist States (Durham, 1987)Google Scholar; DeBardeleben, Joan, The Environment and Marxism-Leninism: The Soviet and East German Experience (Boulder, Colo., 1985)Google Scholar.

8. In environmental management, end-of-pipe technologies are those that exclusively deal with capturing and mitigating the effects of emissions or waste after they have been released but do nothing to prevent pollution, as is the intention of waste reduction, clean technologies, or programs designed to reuse and recycle. Gottlieb, Robert, Environmentalism Unbound: Exploring New Pathways for Change (Cambridge, Mass., 2001)Google Scholar. Examples include: Klarer, Jürg and Moldan, Bedrich, eds., The Environmental Challenge for Central European Economies in Transition (Chichester, Eng., 1997)Google Scholar; Ziegler, Charles E., Environmental Policy in the USSR (Amherst, 1987)Google Scholar.

9. Indeed, the concept of “frontier” was borrowed from U.S. scholarship to aid in understanding the Russian empire's expansion, for example in Mark Bassin's work; this way the much-noted difference between North American and western European attitudes toward nature was replicated in the distinction between Russian/Soviet and east European attitudes.

10. Vari, Anna and Tamás, Pál, eds., Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe (Boston, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tickle, Andrew and Welsh, Ian, Environment and Society in Eastern Europe (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; DeBardeleben, Joan, ed., To Breathe Free: Eastern Europe's Environmental Crisis (Baltimore, 1991)Google Scholar. Jane I. Dawson catalogues the different topics for which late Soviet and early post-Soviet antinuclear movements served as surrogates: Dawson, , Eco-Nationalism: Anti-Nuclear Activism and National Identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine (Durham, 1996)Google Scholar. Also see Stewart, John Massey, ed., The Soviet Environment: Problems, Policies, and Politics (Cambridge, Eng., 1991)Google Scholar; Barcena, Inaki, Ibarra, Pedro, and Zubiaga, Mario, “The Evolution of the Relationship between Ecologism and Nationalism,” in Redclift, Michael, ed., The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology (Cheltenham, Eng., 1997), 300–318 Google Scholar. This critique was also made by Auer, Matther R. in “Environmentalism and Estonia's Independence Movement,” Nationalities Papers 26, no. 4 (1998): 659-76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11. David Ely, Christopher, This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, 2002)Google Scholar; Costlow, Jane, “The Mushroom That Stands at the Steps to Our World,” Russian Studies in Literature 39, no. 3 (Summer 2003): 48–64 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Costlow, , “Imaginations of Destruction: The ‘Forest Question’ in Nineteenth-Century Russian Culture,” Russian Review 62, no. 1 (2003): 91–118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. An earlier attempt was made by Shtilmark, Feliks Robertovich, “The Evolution of Concepts about the Preservation of Nature in Soviet Literature,” Journal of the History of Biology 25, no. 3 (September 1992): 429-47CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12. Weiner, A Little Corner of Freedom; Weiner, Douglas R., Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia (Bloomington, 1988)Google Scholar; Bassin, Mark, “‘I Object to Rain That Is Cheerless’: Landscape Art and the Stalinist Aesthetic Imagination,” Ecumene 7, no. 3 (July 2000): 313-36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bassin, , “Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century,” American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (June 1991): 763-94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bassin, , “Turner, Solov'ev, and the ‘Frontier Hypothesis’: The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces,” Journal of Modern History 65, no. 3 (September 1993): 473–511 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bonhomme, Brian, Forests, Peasants, and Revolutionaries:Forest Conservation and Organization in Soviet Russia, 1917-1929 (Boulder, Colo., 2005)Google Scholar; Pallot, Judith and Shaw, Denis J. B., Landscape and Settlement in Romanov Russia, 1613-191 7 (Oxford, 1990)Google Scholar.

13. Andy Bruno provides a fine review of diese and of Russian environmental history, in general, in “Russian Environmental History: Directions and Potentials,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, no. 3 (Summer 2007): 635-50. An earlier overview was penned by Weiner and published in the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies newsletter in 2000: Weiner, Douglas, “Environmental Issues in Eastern Europe and Eurasia: A Look at Recent Scholarship,” NewsNet40, no. 4 (September 2000): 1–8 Google Scholar.

14. Among the classics are Cronon, William, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and theEcology of New England (New York, 1983)Google Scholar; Cronon, , Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991)Google Scholar; Worster, Donald, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985)Google Scholar; Worster, , Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (Oxford, 1979)Google Scholar; White, Richard, Land Use, Environment and Social Change: The Shaping of Island County, Washington (Seattle, 1980)Google Scholar; Merchant, Carolyn, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender and Science in New England (Chapel Hill, 1989)Google Scholar. A recent example of this style for Russia is Rosenholm, Arja and Autio-Sarasmo, Sari, eds., Understanding Russian Nature: Representations, Values and Concepts (Helsinki, 2005)Google Scholar.

15. As Scott Moranda notes in a review of a book on European environmental history: “Given that the East had long been a space of expansion for western European powers, can one really exclude these regions from the narrative?” Moranda, “Review of Northern Europe: An Environmental History” at http://www.historycooperative.Org/journals/eh/ll.4/br_4.html (last consulted 30 November 2008). New developments include Glassheim, Eagle, “Ethnic Cleansing, Communism, and Environmental Devastation in Czechoslovakia's Borderlands, 1945-1989,” Journal of Modern History 78, no. 1 (March 2006): 65–92 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pavlínek, Petr and Pickles, John, “Environmental Pasts/Environmental Futures in Post-Socialist Europe,” Environmental Politics 13, supplement 1 (March 2004): 237-65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16. This view persists, as in Nelson, Arvid, Cold War Ecology: Forests, Farms, and People in the East German Landscape, 1945-1989 (New Haven, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. One possible explanation for its endurance is that environmental policies were often not explicitly labeled as such by communist governments in power. Instead, as I demonstrated in my book From the Cult of Waste to the Trash Heap of History: The Politics of Waste in Socialist and Postsocialist Hungary (Bloomington, 2007), goals we would today call environmental in nature, such as waste reuse and recycling, were built into economic policies and the mechanics of macroeconomic management. Notable exceptions to this view are Pavlínek and Pickles, “Environmental Pasts/Environmental Futures“; Weiner, “Environmental Issues in Eastern Europe and Eurasia“; Manser, Roger, Failed Transitions: The Eastern European Economy and Environment since the Fall of Communism (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; and, more recently, Carmin, JoAnn and VanDeveer, Stacy D., EUEnlargement and the Environment: Institutional Change and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe (London, 2005)Google Scholar.

17. Petryna, Adriana, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl (Princeton, 2002)Google Scholar; Harper, Krista, Wild Capitalism: Environmental Activists and Post-Socialist Political Ecology in Hungary (Boulder, Colo., 2006)Google Scholar; Lipschutz, Ronnie D. and Mayer, Judith, Global Civil Society and Global Environmental Governance: The Politics of Nature from Place to Planet (Albany, 1996)Google Scholar; Schwartz, Katrina Z. S., Nature and National Identity after Communism: Globalizing the Ethnoscape (Pittsburgh, 2006)Google Scholar; Pavlínek, Petr and Pickles, John, Environmental Transitions: Transformation and Ecological Defence in Central and Eastern Europe (London, 2000)Google Scholar; Paskaleva, Krassimira, Shapira, Phillip, Pickles, John, and Koulov, Boian, eds., Bulgaria in Transition: Environmental Consequences of Political and Economic Transformation (Brookfield, Vt., 1998 Google Scholar).

18. For an interpretation of ecocriticism as a method rather than a field unified by its subject matter, i.e., nature writing, see Estok, Simon C., “A Report Card on Ecocriticism,” Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association 96 (November 2001): 220-38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19. Lampland, Martha, The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary (Chicago, 1995)Google Scholar; Lampland, “Working Models, Hybrid Practices: The Science of Work and the Transition to Socialism in Hungary (1920-1956)” (unpublished manuscript, 2005); Jenny Leigh Smith, “The Soviet Farm Complex: Industrial Agriculture in a Socialist Context, 1945-1965” (PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006).

20. Peet, Richard and Watts, Michael, eds., Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements (London, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Forsyth, Tim, Critical Political Ecology: The Politics of Environmental Science (London, 2003)Google Scholar.

21. “Environmentality, as the term has been used in this book, constitutes a way to think about environmental politics. It attends carefully to (1) the formation of new expert knowledges; (2) the nature of power …; (3) … institutions and regulatory practices …; (4) the behaviors that regulations seek to change.” Agrawal, Arun, Environmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects (Durham, 2005), 229 Google Scholar.

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23. Lemon, Alaina, Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Postsocialism (Durham, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Yurchak, Everything Was Forever.

24. Weiner, A Little Corner of Freedom; Harper, Wild Capitalism; Petryna, Adriana, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl (Princeton, 2002)Google Scholar; Schwartz, Nature and Natural Identity after Communism.