Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T10:19:11.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE CONTEXT IN CONTENT LEARNING

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2020

Candice Frances*
Affiliation:
Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language
Angela De Bruin
Affiliation:
University of York and the Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
Affiliation:
Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva – C3, Universidad Nebrija and the Arctic University of Norway
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Candice Frances, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Paseo Mikeletegi 69, 2nd floor, 20009 Donostia – Spain. E-mail: c.frances@bcbl.eu

Abstract

Prior research has found reduced emotionality with foreign language use, especially with single words, but what happens if emotionality is conveyed throughout a longer text? Does emotionality affect how well we remember and associate information, that is, content learning? We played participants descriptions of two invented countries and tested how well they remembered facts about these countries. Each participant listened to one positive and one neutral description, which was read either in their native language (Spanish) or in their foreign language (English). Participants remembered facts they heard in positive semantic contexts better than those learned in neutral semantic contexts and did better in their native than their foreign language. Importantly, there was no interaction between language and emotionality, suggesting that the previously reported decrease in emotionality in a foreign language might not extend to all areas of foreign language use.

Type
Research Report
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This research has been partially funded by grants PGC2018-097145-B-I00, PSI2015-65689-P, the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program, SEV-2015-0490 from the Spanish Government, and AThEME-613465 from the European Union. CF is supported by a MINECO predoctoral grant from the Spanish government (BES-2016-077169). AdB is supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship from the European Research Council (grant agreement number 743691). JAD is supported by the Spanish Government grant RED2018-102615-T. Thank you to Eneko Anton for his help in stimulus creation.

The experiment in this article earned an Open Data and an Open Materials badge for transparent practices. The data and materials are available at https://osf.io/vecd3/.

References

REFERENCES

Admiraal, W., Westhoff, G., & De Bot, K. (2006). Evaluation of bilingual secondary education in the Netherlands: Students’ language proficiency in English 1. Educational Research and Evaluation, 12, 7593. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610500392160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, M., & Rodríguez, R. (2012). Lecturer and student perceptions on CLIL at a Spanish university. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15, 183197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2011.615906CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anghel, B., Cabrales, A., & Carro, J. M. (2016). Evaluating a bilingual education program in Spain: The impact beyond foreign language learning. Economic Inquiry, 54, 12021223. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anooshian, L. J., & Hertel, P. T. (1994). Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory. Cognition & Emotion, 8, 503514. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939408408956CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayçiçeǧi, A., & Harris, C. L. (2004). Bilinguals’ recall and recognition of emotion words. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 977987. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930341000301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergroth, M. (2006). Immersion students in the matriculation examination three years after immersion. In Björklund, S., Mard-Miettinen, K., Bergström, M., & Södergard, M. (Eds.), Exploring dual-focussed education: Integrating language and content for individual and societal needs (pp. 123134).Vaasa, Finland: Vaasan Yliopisto. Retrieved from http://www.uva.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_952-476-149-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings (Technical Report C–1, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 25–36). Gainsville, FL: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2009). Emotion-memory effects in bilingual speakers: A levels-of-processing approach. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 291303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990125Google Scholar
Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2014). Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: Theoretical implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Keysar, B. (2019). Language context and decision-making: Challenges and advances. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818789799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Vives, M.-L., & Corey, J. D. (2017). On language processing shaping decision making. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 146151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416680263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A., Foucart, A., Arnon, I., Aparici, M., & Apesteguia, J. (2014). “Piensa” twice: On the foreign language effect in decision making. Cognition, 130, 236254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Foucart, A., Hayakawa, S., Aparici, M., Apesteguia, J., Heafner, J., & Keysar, B. (2014). Your morals depend on language. PLoS ONE, 9, 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094842Google ScholarPubMed
Dallinger, S., Jonkmann, K., Hollm, J., & Fiege, C. (2016). The effect of content and language integrated learning on students’ English and history competences—Killing two birds with one stone? Learning and Instruction, 41, 2331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.09.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton-Puffer, C. (2007). Discourse in content and language integrated learning (CLIL) classrooms (Vol. 20). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.10.1075/lllt.20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton-Puffer, C. (2011). Content-and-language integrated learning: From practice to principles? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 182204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190511000092CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, E., & Shapson, S. (1996). Studies in immersion education (Vol. 11). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. (2010). Emotions in multiple languages. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erk, S., Martin, S., & Walter, H. (2005). Emotional context during encoding of neutral items modulates brain activation not only during encoding but also during recognition. NeuroImage, 26, 829838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.045CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erk, S., Kiefer, M., Grothe, J., Wunderlich, A. P., Spitzer, M., & Walter, H. (2003). Emotional context modulates subsequent memory effect. NeuroImage, 18, 439447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00015-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernández-Sanjurjo, J., Fernández-Costales, A., & Arias Blanco, J. M. (2017). Analysing students’ content-learning in science in CLIL vs. non-CLIL programmes: Empirical evidence from Spain. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 22, 661674. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1294142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferré, P., Ventura, D., Comesaña, M., & Fraga, I. (2015). The role of emotionality in the acquisition of new concrete and abstract words. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00976CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferré, P., Garcia, T., Fraga, I., Sanchez-Casas, R., & Molero, M. (2010). Memory for emotional words in bilinguals: Do words have the same emotional intensity in the first and in the second language? Cognition & Emotion, 24, 760785. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902985779CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frances, C., de Bruin, A., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2019). The effects of language and emotional context on vocabulary learning. Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
Gawinkowska, M., Paradowski, M. B., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). Second language as an exemptor from sociocultural norms: Emotion-related language choice revisited. PLoS ONE, 8, 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C., & Surian, L. (2015a). How foreign language shapes moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 59, 817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C., & Surian, L. (2015b). The foreign language effect on moral judgment: The role of emotions and norms. PLoS ONE, 10, 117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C., & Surian, L. (2016). Foreign language affects the contribution of intentions and outcomes to moral judgment. Cognition, 154, 3439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.05.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadjichristidis, C., Geipel, J., & Savadori, L. (2015). The effect of foreign language in judgments of risk and benefit: The role of affect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21, 117129. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000044Google ScholarPubMed
Harris, C. L., Gleason, J. B., & Ayçiçeǧi, A. (2006). When is a first language more emotional? Psychophysiological evidence from bilingual speakers. In Pavlenko, A. (Ed.), Bilingual minds: Emotional experience, expression, and representation (Vol. 56, pp. 257283). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853598746-012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayakawa, S., Costa, A., Foucart, A., & Keysar, B. (2016). Using a foreign language changes our choices. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 791793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernandez-Nanclares, N., & Jimenez-Munoz, A. (2015). English as a medium of instruction: Evidence for language and content targets in bilingual education in economics. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 20, 883896. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1125847CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Review of Educational Research, 60, 549571. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543060004549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izura, C., Cuetos, F., & Brysbaert, M. (2014). LexTALE-Esp: A test to rapidly and efficiently assess the Spanish vocabulary size. Psicológica, 35, 4966.Google Scholar
Jäppinen, A.-K. (2005). Thinking and content learning of mathematics and science as cognitional development in content and language integrated learning (CLIL): Teaching through a foreign language in Finland. Language and Education, 19, 148169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500780508668671CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jiménez Catalán, R. M., & Ruiz de Zarobe, Y. (2009). The receptive vocabulary of EFL learners in two instructional contexts: CLIL versus non-CLIL instruction. In Y. Ruiz de Zarobe & R. M. Jiménez Catalán, eds. Content and language integrated learning: Evidence from research in Europe (pp. 8192). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S. L., & An, S. G. (2012). The foreign-language effect: Thinking in a foreign tongue reduces decision biases. Psychological Science, 23, 661668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611432178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid lexical test for advanced learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 325343. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 28, 203208. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouazizi, K. (2016). The effects of CLIL education on the subject matter (mathematics) and the target language (English). Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning, 9, 110137. https://doi.org/10.5294/laclil.2016.9.1.5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlenko, A. (2002). Bilingualism and emotions. Multilingua, 21, 4578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez Cañado, M. L. (2018). The effects of CLIL on L1 and content learning: Updated empirical evidence from monolingual contexts. Learning and Instruction, 57, 1833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.12.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poirier, D. J. (2006). The growth of Bayesian methods in statistics and economics since 1970. Bayesian Analysis, 1, 969980. https://doi.org/10.1214/06-BA132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponari, M., Rodriguez-Cuadrado, S., Vinson, D., Fox, N., Costa, A., & Vigliocco, G. (2015). Processing advantage for emotional words in bilingual speakers. Emotion, 15, 644652. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000061CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review, 6, 135147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouder, J. N., Morey, R. D., Speckman, P. L., & Province, J. M. (2012). Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56, 356374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roussel, S., Joulia, D., Tricot, A., & Sweller, J. (2017). Learning subject content through a foreign language should not ignore human cognitive architecture: A cognitive load theory approach. Learning and Instruction, 52, 6979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.04.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitz, L. P. T. C. (2019). LimeSurvey: An open source survey tool. Hamburg, Germany: LimeSurvey Project. Retrieved from http://www.limesurvey.org.Google Scholar
Sebastián-Gallés, N., Martí, M., Carreiras, M., & Cuetos, F. (2000). LEXESP: Léxico Informatizado del Español . Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Serra, C. (2007). Assessing CLIL at primary school: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10, 582602. https://doi.org/10.2167/beb461.0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stohler, U. (2006). The acquisition of knowledge in bilingual learning: An empirical study on the role of language in content learning. VIEWS-Vienna English Working Papers, 15, 4146. Retrieved from https://boris.unibe.ch/18531/1/views15_3_Stohler.pdf.Google Scholar
Surmont, J., Struys, E., Van Den Noort, M., & Van De Craen, P. (2016). The effects of CLIL on mathematical content learning: A longitudinal study. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6, 319. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.2.7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Craen, P., Ceuleers, E., & Mondt, K. (2007). Cognitive development and bilingualism in primary schools: Teaching maths in a CLIL environment. In D. Marsh & D. Wolff, eds. Diverse contexts–converging goals. CLIL in Europe (pp. 185200). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Vives, M.-L., Aparici, M., & Costa, A. (2018). The limits of the foreign language effect on decision-making: The case of the outcome bias and the representativeness heuristic. PLoS ONE, 13, 114. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/6mdvs.FundingCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xanthou, M. (2011). The impact of CLIL on L2 vocabulary development and content knowledge. English Teaching, 10, 116126.Google Scholar
Yang, S.-W. (2014). The study of variables influencing the effect of English medium instruction on academic content learning and English proficiency development (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/22592.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Frances et al. supplementary material

Frances et al. supplementary material

Download Frances et al. supplementary material(File)
File 31.1 KB