This volume presents comprehensive research on English refusals, focusing primarily on L2use and secondarily on second language acquisition. Twenty-four dyads were video-tapedperforming open role plays in response to eight situations (two suggestions, two offers, twoinvitations, and two requests) designed to elicit a refusal. Each dyad consisted of an English NSand NNS, the latter being native speakers of Japanese with low to intermediate Englishproficiency.