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Yeung, E. Y. W. Irvine, F. Ng, S. M. and Tsang, K. M. S. 2017. How people from Chinese backgrounds make sense of and respond to the experiences of mental distress: Thematic analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 24, Issue. 8, p. 589.
Xu, Ziyan Rüsch, Nicolas Huang, Fangfang and Kösters, Markus 2017. Challenging mental health related stigma in China: Systematic review and meta-analysis. I. Interventions among the general public. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 255, p. 449.
Guo, J. Liu, C. Wang, X. Qu, Z. Zhang, W. and Zhang, X. 2017. Relationships between depression, pain and sleep quality with doctor visits among community-based adults in north-west China. Public Health, Vol. 147, p. 30.
Yasui, Miwa Pottick, Kathleen J. and Chen, Yun 2017. Conceptualizing Culturally Infused Engagement and Its Measurement for Ethnic Minority and Immigrant Children and Families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, Vol. 20, Issue. 3, p. 250.
Chen, Shubao Wu, Qiuxia Qi, Chang Deng, Huiqiong Wang, Xuyi He, Haoyu Long, Jiang Xiong, Yifan and Liu, Tieqiao 2017. Mental health literacy about schizophrenia and depression: a survey among Chinese caregivers of patients with mental disorder. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue. 1,
Kuittinen, Saija Mölsä, Mulki Punamäki, Raija-Leena Tiilikainen, Marja and Honkasalo, Marja-Liisa 2017. Causal attributions of mental health problems and depressive symptoms among older Somali refugees in Finland. Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 54, Issue. 2, p. 211.
Ran, Mao-Sheng Yang, Lawrence H Liu, Yu-Jun Huang, Debbie Mao, Wen-Jun Lin, Fu-Rong Li, Jie and Chan, Cecilia Lai-Wan 2017. The family economic status and outcome of people with schizophrenia in Xinjin, Chengdu, China: 14-year follow-up study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 63, Issue. 3, p. 203.
Wong, Daniel Fu Keung Cheng, Chi-Wei Zhuang, Xiao Yu Ng, Ting Kin Pan, Shu-Man He, Xuesong and Poon, Ada 2017. Comparing the mental health literacy of Chinese people in Australia, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: Implications for mental health promotion. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 256, p. 258.
Zhou, Yanling Rosenheck, Robert Mohamed, Somaia Ou, Yufen Ning, Yuping and He, Hongbo 2016. Comparison of burden among family members of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a large acute psychiatric hospital in China. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, Issue. 1,
Kung, Winnie W. 2016. Culture- and Immigration-Related Stress Faced by Chinese American Families with a Patient Having Schizophrenia. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Vol. 42, Issue. 3, p. 409.
Grover, Sandeep Hazari, Nandita Aneja, Jitender Chakrabarti, Subho and Avasthi, Ajit 2016. Influence of religion and supernatural beliefs on clinical manifestation and treatment practices in patients with bipolar disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 70, Issue. 6, p. 442.
Wu, Hui-Ching and Chen, Fang-pei 2016. Sociocultural Factors Associated with Caregiver-Psychiatrist Relationship in Taiwan. Psychiatry Investigation, Vol. 13, Issue. 3, p. 288.
Cohen, Alex Padmavati, Ramachandran Hibben, Maia Oyewusi, Samuel John, Sujit Esan, Oluyomi Patel, Vikram Weiss, Helen Murray, Robin Hutchinson, Gerard Gureje, Oye Thara, Rangaswamy and Morgan, Craig 2016. Concepts of madness in diverse settings: a qualitative study from the INTREPID project. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, Issue. 1,
Yang, Lawrence Lo, Graciete Tu, Ming Wu, Olivia Anglin, Deidre Saw, Anne and Chen, Fang-Pei 2015. Effects of Increased Psychiatric Treatment Contact and Acculturation on the Causal Beliefs of Chinese Immigrant Relatives of Individuals With Psychosis. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, Vol. 13, Issue. 1, p. 19.
Caqueo-Urízar, Alejandra Boyer, Laurent Baumstarck, Karine and Gilman, Stephen E. 2015. The relationships between patients’ and caregivers’ beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia and clinical outcomes in Latin American countries. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 229, Issue. 1-2, p. 440.
Caqueo-Urízar, Alejandra Breslau, Joshua and Gilman, Stephen E 2015. Beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia among Aymara and non-Aymara patients and their primary caregivers in the Central–Southern Andes. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 61, Issue. 1, p. 82.
Cheng, Zhen Hadassah 2015. Asian Americans and European Americans’ stigma levels in response to biological and social explanations of depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 50, Issue. 5, p. 767.
Yang, Lawrence H. Lai, Grace Y. Tu, Ming Luo, Maggie Wonpat-Borja, Ahtoy Jackson, Valerie W. Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Dixon, Lisa 2014. A brief anti-stigma intervention for Chinese immigrant caregivers of individuals with psychosis: Adaptation and initial findings. Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 51, Issue. 2, p. 139.
Wong, D. F. K. and Li, J. C. M. 2014. Cultural Influence on Shanghai Chinese People's Help-Seeking for Mental Health Problems: Implications for Social Work Practice. British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 44, Issue. 4, p. 868.
Better methods of assessing patients' and family members' causal models of illness are needed to improve adherence with biomedical interventions and to design services that meet the needs of consumers.
To develop a quantitative measure suitable for assessing the relationship of causal beliefs to expressed emotion, stigma, care-seeking and adherence.
The Causal Models Questionnaire for Schizophrenia, which includes 45 causes identified during in-depth interviews with family members, was administered to 245 family members of 135 patients with DSM–III–R schizophrenia in Suzhou and Siping, China at the time of admission to hospital.
Respondents, who identified a mean of 2.5 causes (range 1–10, mode 2), attributed 84% of the cause of schizophrenia to social, interpersonal and psychological problems. Hence, their beliefs do not concur with Chinese professionals' ideas about the biomedical causes of schizophrenia. Multivariate analyses identified the socio-economic factors that influence family members' causal beliefs.
Despite the complexity of causal models, measures can be developed that will help improve clinicians' communication with patients and understanding of help-seeking behaviours.
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Yeung, E. Y. W. Irvine, F. Ng, S. M. and Tsang, K. M. S. 2017. How people from Chinese backgrounds make sense of and respond to the experiences of mental distress: Thematic analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 24, Issue. 8, p. 589.
Xu, Ziyan Rüsch, Nicolas Huang, Fangfang and Kösters, Markus 2017. Challenging mental health related stigma in China: Systematic review and meta-analysis. I. Interventions among the general public. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 255, p. 449.
Guo, J. Liu, C. Wang, X. Qu, Z. Zhang, W. and Zhang, X. 2017. Relationships between depression, pain and sleep quality with doctor visits among community-based adults in north-west China. Public Health, Vol. 147, p. 30.
Yasui, Miwa Pottick, Kathleen J. and Chen, Yun 2017. Conceptualizing Culturally Infused Engagement and Its Measurement for Ethnic Minority and Immigrant Children and Families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, Vol. 20, Issue. 3, p. 250.
Chen, Shubao Wu, Qiuxia Qi, Chang Deng, Huiqiong Wang, Xuyi He, Haoyu Long, Jiang Xiong, Yifan and Liu, Tieqiao 2017. Mental health literacy about schizophrenia and depression: a survey among Chinese caregivers of patients with mental disorder. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue. 1,
Kuittinen, Saija Mölsä, Mulki Punamäki, Raija-Leena Tiilikainen, Marja and Honkasalo, Marja-Liisa 2017. Causal attributions of mental health problems and depressive symptoms among older Somali refugees in Finland. Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 54, Issue. 2, p. 211.
Ran, Mao-Sheng Yang, Lawrence H Liu, Yu-Jun Huang, Debbie Mao, Wen-Jun Lin, Fu-Rong Li, Jie and Chan, Cecilia Lai-Wan 2017. The family economic status and outcome of people with schizophrenia in Xinjin, Chengdu, China: 14-year follow-up study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 63, Issue. 3, p. 203.
Wong, Daniel Fu Keung Cheng, Chi-Wei Zhuang, Xiao Yu Ng, Ting Kin Pan, Shu-Man He, Xuesong and Poon, Ada 2017. Comparing the mental health literacy of Chinese people in Australia, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: Implications for mental health promotion. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 256, p. 258.
Zhou, Yanling Rosenheck, Robert Mohamed, Somaia Ou, Yufen Ning, Yuping and He, Hongbo 2016. Comparison of burden among family members of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a large acute psychiatric hospital in China. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, Issue. 1,
Kung, Winnie W. 2016. Culture- and Immigration-Related Stress Faced by Chinese American Families with a Patient Having Schizophrenia. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Vol. 42, Issue. 3, p. 409.
Grover, Sandeep Hazari, Nandita Aneja, Jitender Chakrabarti, Subho and Avasthi, Ajit 2016. Influence of religion and supernatural beliefs on clinical manifestation and treatment practices in patients with bipolar disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 70, Issue. 6, p. 442.
Wu, Hui-Ching and Chen, Fang-pei 2016. Sociocultural Factors Associated with Caregiver-Psychiatrist Relationship in Taiwan. Psychiatry Investigation, Vol. 13, Issue. 3, p. 288.
Cohen, Alex Padmavati, Ramachandran Hibben, Maia Oyewusi, Samuel John, Sujit Esan, Oluyomi Patel, Vikram Weiss, Helen Murray, Robin Hutchinson, Gerard Gureje, Oye Thara, Rangaswamy and Morgan, Craig 2016. Concepts of madness in diverse settings: a qualitative study from the INTREPID project. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, Issue. 1,
Yang, Lawrence Lo, Graciete Tu, Ming Wu, Olivia Anglin, Deidre Saw, Anne and Chen, Fang-Pei 2015. Effects of Increased Psychiatric Treatment Contact and Acculturation on the Causal Beliefs of Chinese Immigrant Relatives of Individuals With Psychosis. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, Vol. 13, Issue. 1, p. 19.
Caqueo-Urízar, Alejandra Boyer, Laurent Baumstarck, Karine and Gilman, Stephen E. 2015. The relationships between patients’ and caregivers’ beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia and clinical outcomes in Latin American countries. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 229, Issue. 1-2, p. 440.
Caqueo-Urízar, Alejandra Breslau, Joshua and Gilman, Stephen E 2015. Beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia among Aymara and non-Aymara patients and their primary caregivers in the Central–Southern Andes. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 61, Issue. 1, p. 82.
Cheng, Zhen Hadassah 2015. Asian Americans and European Americans’ stigma levels in response to biological and social explanations of depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 50, Issue. 5, p. 767.
Yang, Lawrence H. Lai, Grace Y. Tu, Ming Luo, Maggie Wonpat-Borja, Ahtoy Jackson, Valerie W. Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Dixon, Lisa 2014. A brief anti-stigma intervention for Chinese immigrant caregivers of individuals with psychosis: Adaptation and initial findings. Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 51, Issue. 2, p. 139.
Wong, D. F. K. and Li, J. C. M. 2014. Cultural Influence on Shanghai Chinese People's Help-Seeking for Mental Health Problems: Implications for Social Work Practice. British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 44, Issue. 4, p. 868.
Causes of schizophrenia reported by patients' family members in China
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