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“Put money in thy purse. Follow thou the wars”: Othello, the Mexican–American War, and Manifest Destiny

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 May 2024

Charlotte M. Canning*
Affiliation:
Theatre and Dance, College of Fine Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Extract

In the winter of 1845–6 the United States Army languished on the border waiting for an opportunity to provoke what would be the Mexican–American War, or, as the Mexicans would come to call it, La Intervención Americana. To break the dull monotony, the army turned to theatre. In January, Second Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant was cast as Desdemona in a production staged for the troops and the local community. Grant would later be the victorious general in the Civil War and the eighteenth president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. He was not yet that person. In 1846 he was a twenty-four-year-old, newly commissioned officer, only three years out of the US Military Academy. His peers, a cohort of junior officers who would become the senior military leadership on both sides of the Civil War, were also actors in the production, as well as its producers. The anecdote is humorous in large part because the Grant of national record and memory is the least Desdemona-like figure anyone can conceive. It has been repeated multiple times across the nineteenth century and still holds in the imagination almost two hundred years later.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors, 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of American Society for Theatre Research, Inc.

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Footnotes

I would like to thank the members of the Equitable Arts Infrastructure Research Group—Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, Colleen Hooper, Jasmine Jamillah Mahmoud, Derek Miller, Michael Sy Uy, and Sarah Wilbur—as well as Andrew Carlson, Amy E. Hughes, and Domino Renee Perez for their generous help and support with this article.

References

Endnotes

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14 Ibid., 44.

15 Payne, “Life in the Army of Occupation,” 337.

16 James Sheridan Knowles, The Wife: A Tale of Mantua (London: Edward Moxon, 1836), n.p.

17 Corpus Christi Gazette, 8 January 1846.

18 Meade, Life and Letters, 43–4.

19 Henry, Campaign Sketches, 47.

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21 Thomas M. Settles, John Bankhead Magruder: A Military Reappraisal (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 41.

22 Kim F. Hall, ed. Othello: Texts and Contexts (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 1.

23 Tilden G. Edelstein, “Othello in America: The Drama of Interracial Marriage,” in Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, ed. J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 179–97, at 179.

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29 Edelstein, “Othello in America,” 183. There is no record of how the officer playing Othello chose to make up for the role. It is safe to assume that he darkened his skin in some way, since that was the ubiquitous and unexceptional practice of the day. The fact that no one mentions his choice implies that he did perform in a some form of blackface; indeed, the choice to play him as white would have been shocking and unintelligible to the audience. Additionally, actor Harry Watkins's diary offers evidence that the army performers were comfortable in blackface. “During the evening there was a Negro Extravagansa, by the Officers.” Exactly what the performance offered is not recorded in the diary, but Watkins indicates he enjoyed the show. “The Harry Watkins Diary: Digital Edition,” https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hwatkins/, vol. 1, 17 January 1846; accessed 13 October 2023.

30 Hall, Othello: Texts and Contexts, 5; 24.

31 Edelstein, “Othello in America,” 187.

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35 Ibid.

36 Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 20.

37 Cadmus M. Wilcox, History of the Mexican War (Washington, DC: Church News Publishing, 1892), 14.

38 See, e.g., Lloyd Lewis, Captain Sam Grant (New York: Little, Brown, 1950). Settles says Magruder was in charge (John Bankhead Magruder, 41).

39 Henry, Campaign Sketches, 45.

40 Port Gibson Herald, 5 February 1846, 3.

41 Corpus Christi Gazette, 8 January 1846, 2. All citations through the end of the section are from this source.

42 Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 20.

43 Edward G. Fletcher, “The Beginnings of the Professional Theatre in Texas,” University of Texas Bulletin (1 June 1936), 3.

44 Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 US (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824). The “Commerce Clause” is found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the US Constitution.

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48 William B. Wood, Personal Recollections of the Stage (Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, 1855), 391.

49 Corpus Christi Gazette, 8 January 1846, 2.

50 Watkins, “Diary,” vol. 1, 2 January 1846; accessed 13 October 2023.

51 Ibid., 9 January 1846; accessed 13 October 2023.

52 Claudio Saunt, Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory (New York: Norton, 2020), 242–7.

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54 Miss Carter/Mrs. Hart's given name was difficult to find; it appeared in only one source. J. S. Gallegly, Footlights on the Border: The Galveston and Houston Stage before 1900 (The Hague: Mouton, 1962), 48.

55 Dodd, “Theatrical Entertainment in Early Florida,” 156.

56 N[oah] M[iller] Ludlow, Dramatic Life as I Have Found It (St. Louis: G. I. Jones, 1880), 610.

57 Gallegly, Footlights on the Border, 48.

58 Watkins, “Diary,” vol. 1, 17 February 1846; accessed 13 October 2023.

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62 Hilt, “Early American Corporations,” 38.

63 Chandler, Visible Hand, 36.

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65 Solomon Smith, The Theatrical Journey-Work and Anecdotical Recollections of Sol. Smith (Philadelphia: Peterson, 1854), 203.

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68 Mark Summers, The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849–1861 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 303–4.

69 Saunt, Unworthy Republic, xix.

70 Ibid., 300.

71 Gary Clayton Anderson, The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820–1875 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019), 4.

72 David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), 18.

73 Miguel Ángel González-Quiroga, War and Peace on the Rio Grande Frontier, 1830–1880 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020), 9.

74 Ned Blackhawk, The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023), 19.

75 Brian DeLay, War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 58.

76 Ibid., 100.

77 Ibid., 108.

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84 Ibid.

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86 Shapiro, James, Shakespeare in a Divided America: What His Plays Tell Us about Our Past and Future (New York: Penguin, 2020), xiGoogle Scholar.

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