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Industrial housing clusters in nineteenth-century Lisbon: finding spatial patterns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2023

Gonçalo Antunes Open the ORCID record for Gonçalo Antunes [Opens in a new window]
Gonçalo Antunes*
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal
*
Email: ga@fcsh.unl.pt
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Abstract

This article aims to analyse housing solutions used in nineteenth-century Lisbon to deal with explosive demographic and urban development. It particularly focuses on two specific types of industrial housing ensembles created in Lisbon called pátios and vilas operárias. The goal of this article is to analyse the spatial distribution of pátios and vilas operárias in Lisbon. Through the potential of geographic information systems, we aim to understand in a spatial-quantitative way the spatial patterns of these kinds of industrial housing ensembles for the most deprived population. To do so, we used spatial modelling and spatial analysis procedures, including simple spatial distribution, mean centre, standard distance, directional distance and density estimation (hotspots). The new contribution of this article lies in the increase of scientific knowledge about these forms of working-class housing – the pátios and vilas operárias – and their spatial implementation in Lisbon in the second half of the nineteenth century.

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Research Article
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Urban History , First View , pp. 1 - 16
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© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

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10 In 1900, more than 40 per cent of the Portuguese urban population resided in the city of Lisbon.

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12 It should be noted that the area of the municipality of Lisbon also increased, absorbing neighbouring municipalities, although these areas were mostly rural.

13 G. Antunes, Políticas de habitação: 200 anos (Lisbon, 2018).

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17 Ibid.; Pereira, N.T., ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’, Análise Social, 29 (1994), 509–24Google Scholar; N.T. Pereira, ‘Vilas operárias’, in F. Santana (ed.), Dicionário de Lisboa (Lisbon, 1994); Baptista, Cidade e habitação social; M. Pinheiro, Biografia de Lisboa (Lisbon, 2011); Antunes, Políticas de habitação; G. Antunes, Direitos humanos e habitação: evolução do direito à habitação em Portugal (Lisbon, 2021).

18 Teixeira, ‘As estratégias de habitação em Portugal, 1880–1940’; Baptista, Cidade e habitação social; F. Rosas, ‘A crise do liberalismo oligárquico em Portugal’, in M.F. Rolo and F. Rosas (eds.), História da Primeira República Portuguesa (Lisbon, 2011). Several contemporary authors also referenced the living conditions of the working population: A. Fuschini, Construção de casas económicas e salubres – para habitação das classes pobres (Lisbon, 1884); G. Santa-Rita, Habitação do operário e classes menos abastadas (Lisbon, 1891); T. Bastos, Habitações operárias (Lisbon, 1898); A. Azevedo, Habitações operárias em Portugal (Coimbra, 1905); C. Matta, Habitações populares (Coimbra, 1909).

19 Antunes, Políticas de habitação; Antunes, Direitos humanos e habitação.

20 Baptista, Cidade e habitação social; M. Acciaiuoli, Casas com escritos – uma história da habitação em Lisboa (Lisbon, 2015).

21 In 1834, religious orders were abolished in Portugal and their assets (such as convents, monasteries, schools and hospices) were transferred to the Portuguese Kingdom.

22 Pereira, ‘Vilas operárias’; N.T. Pereira and I. Buarque, Evolução das formas de habitação plurifamiliar na cidade de Lisboa (Lisbon, 2017).

23 Pereira, ‘Vilas operárias’; Teixeira, ‘As estratégias de habitação em Portugal, 1880–1940’; Pereira and Buarque, Evolução das formas de habitação plurifamiliar na cidade de Lisboa.

24 Pátio (singular) or pátios (plural) can be translated as ‘courtyard’ or ‘courtyards’.

25 It should be noted that pátios are not an original urban form of the nineteenth century, in particular in the city of Lisbon, where the courtyards had been present at least since the Moorish and Roman periods. However, this urban form was widely disseminated in the nineteenth century. Although this has not been properly documented or studied, it is likely that before this period of urbanization the pátios were already an important housing form in the city, particularly for the poorest populations.

26 Teixeira, ‘As estratégias de habitação em Portugal, 1880–1940’; A. Leite and J. Vilhena, Pátios de Lisboa – aldeias entre muros (Lisbon, 2011); J. Pedreirinho, ‘Pátios’, in Santana (ed.), Dicionário de Lisboa; Pereira, ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’.

27 The reality is more complex than the theory, and many pátios diverged from this model in various ways. Moreover, the word pátio is a placename used as a toponym (e.g. Pátio Antunes, Pátio Soares, Pátio Lucio, Pátio Julião) that can result in various ambiguous urban forms, although the model discussed above is the most typical. Teixeira, ‘As estratégias de habitação em Portugal, 1880–1940’; Pereira, ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’.

28 T.B. Salgueiro, A cidade em Portugal: uma geografia urbana (Lisbon, 1992).

29 Leite and Vilhena, Pátios de Lisboa – aldeias entre muros; P.A. Teixeira and R.M. Matos, ‘Teorias e modelos de habitação operária. O caso de Lisboa (1880–1920)’, in Câmara Municipal de Lisboa (Lisbon City Council) (CML), O município de Lisboa e a dinâmica urbana (séculos XVI–XIX) (Lisbon, 1995).

30 T. Rodrigues, Nascer e morrer na Lisboa oitocentista: migrações, mortalidade e desenvolvimento (Lisbon, 1995).

31 Teixeira, ‘As estratégias de habitação em Portugal, 1880–1940’.

32 Ministério das Obras Públicas, Comércio e Indústria (MOPCI), Inquérito aos pateos de Lisboa – Anno de 1902 (Lisbon, 1903); MOPCI, Inquérito aos pateos de Lisboa – Parte II Anno 1905 (Lisbon, 1905).

33 Ilha (singular) or ilhas (plural) can be translated as ‘island’ or ‘islands’ and are a typical urban form in Porto and some other cities in the north-west of Portugal. The placename or toponym ilha is not used in Lisbon.

34 M. Teixeira, ‘A habitação popular no século XIX: características morfológicas, a transmissão de modelos: as ilhas do Porto e os cortiços do Rio de Janeiro’, Análise Social, 29 (1994), 555–79; M. Teixeira, Habitação popular na cidade oitocentista: as ilhas do Porto (Porto, 2019); Matos, F.L., ‘Os bairros sociais no espaço urbano do Porto: 1901–1956’, Análise Social, 29 (1994), 677–95Google Scholar; Matos, F.L. and Rodrigues, R., ‘As ilhas do Porto: lugares de resistência’, Observatorium Revista Eletrônica de Geografia, 1 (2009), 33–57 Google Scholar; G.M. Pereira, ‘As ilhas no percurso das famílias trabalhadoras do Porto em finais do século XIX’, in C. Santos, Família, espaço e património (Porto, 2011); Oro, A. Varea, Vieira, P., Travasso, N. and Almeida, M., ‘Nem perpetuar nem erradicar: uma proposta de transição para as ilhas do Porto’, Revista de Morfologia Urbana, 7 (2019)Google Scholar.

35 Pereira and Buarque, Evolução das formas de habitação plurifamiliar na cidade de Lisboa.

36 Teixeira, ‘As estratégias de habitação em Portugal, 1880–1940’; Pereira, ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’; Rodrigues, Nascer e morrer na Lisboa oitocentista: migrações, mortalidade e desenvolvimento.

37 Vila operária (singular) or vilas operárias (plural) can be translated as ‘industrial village’ or ‘industrial villages’; however, these were very small housing communities or groups of houses in an urban environment.

38 As with pátios, the reality is more complex than the theory. Many vilas operárias arose out of the transformation of abandoned palaces and convents whose cloisters were adapted for communal housing. The expression vilas operárias is a placename used as a toponym, but the use of the word operárias creates a direct connection with the industrial context (unlike pátios, which is a classic urban form). Furthermore, vilas operárias can refer to various ambiguous urban forms, and in several cases, it is hard (if not impossible) to differentiate the urban morphology of vilas operárias and pátios. In those cases, the difference is indicated only by the toponym that was given when it was constructed. For the urban morphology of these housing ensembles, see J.L. Vasconcelos, ‘Pátios & ilhas’, in Etnografia Portuguesa (Lisbon, 1936); M.M. Rodrigues, ‘Tradição, transição e mudança: a produção do espaço urbano na Lisboa oitocentista’, Boletim Cultural da Assembleia Distrital de Lisboa, 84 (1978); Salgueiro, T.S., ‘Habitações operárias em Lisboa’, Revista de Arquitectura, 143 (1981), 74–7Google Scholar; Pereira, ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’; Pereira, ‘Vilas operárias’; S. Ildefonso, R. Machete, A.P. Falcão and T. Heitor, ‘A proto-habitação social na cidade de Lisboa: uma leitura integrada da vila operária no contexto urbano actual’, urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana, 11 (2019).

39 Pereira, ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’; Pereira, ‘Vilas operárias’; Pereira and Buarque, Evolução das formas de habitação plurifamiliar na cidade de Lisboa.

40 Pereira and Buarque, Evolução das formas de habitação plurifamiliar na cidade de Lisboa; Antunes, Políticas de habitação; Antunes, Direitos humanos e habitação.

41 For example, during the nineteenth century, working-class housing in Porto never evolved from the urban form of the ilha to something different and more complex.

42 Antunes, Políticas de habitação.

43 Pereira, ‘Pátios e vilas de Lisboa, 1870–1930: a promoção privada do alojamento operário’; Pereira, ‘Vilas operárias’; Pereira and Buarque, Evolução das formas de habitação plurifamiliar na cidade de Lisboa.

44 E. Hopkins, ‘Working-class housing in Birmingham during the industrial revolution’, International Review of Social History, 31 (1986), 80–94; Nevell, ‘Living in the industrial city’; Ford, B., ‘Worker housing in the Vermont Copper Belt: improving life and industry through paternalism and resistance’, International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 15 (2011), 725–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Rodger, R. and Rau, S., ‘Thinking spatially: new horizons for urban history’, Urban History, 47 (2020), 372–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also the special issue ‘Thinking spatially: new horizons for urban history’, Urban History, 47, 3 (2020).

46 The material indicated in Table 1, namely the references in ‘Yearbooks and contemporary studies of Lisbon’, ‘Contemporary published reports’ and ‘Histories of Lisbon’, were accessed at the National Library of Portugal, at the Palácio Galveias Library and the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil Library. The digital material indicated in ‘Cartographic records’ was provided by the Lisbon Municipal Archive (Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa).

47 The density maps analysis aims to estimate the intensity of occurrence of a given specific phenomenon in a certain area. In the density maps (Figures 2 and 4) the kernel density estimation method was used, using the following conditions: the creation of a point density grid; a cell size (area unit) of 10 points; and a search radius of 1,000 metres (i.e. 100 ha or 1 km2). These conditions made it possible to estimate the number of pátios or vilas operárias that exist around each pixel in the grid, in an area corresponding to 1 km2.

48 The Cerca Fernandina wall was erected in 1373.

49 Mean centre analysis (Figure 5) determines the spatial position of the central point of a distribution, in X and Y co-ordinates. Such a point is merely theoretical, and its existence in the distribution is not required.

50 Standard distance analysis (Figure 6) is calculated to determine the probability of the spatial occurrence of points according to the calculated radius.

51 Directional distance analysis (Figure 6) is calculated to determine the general direction of the points’ distribution.

52 The most recent contributions on these issues have been Alcântara, A., ‘A habitação das “classes laboriosas”. Espaços de residência operária na Lisboa do final do século XIX’, Cadernos do Arquivo Municipal, 13 (2020), 41–61 Google Scholar; and A. Alcântara, ‘Lisboa operária na última década do século XIX: um Sistema de Informação Geográfico aplicado à investigação histórica’, Humanidades digitais e o mundo lusófono (Rio de Janeiro, 2021), 48–68.

53 F.C. Goitia, Breve historia del urbanismo (Madrid, 1968).

54 Antunes, Políticas de habitação; Antunes, Direitos humanos e habitação.