In the present study, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was injected into area V1 in order to demonstrate the detailed morphology of individual axons terminating in prestriate area MT. On the basis of 24 axon reconstructions, several representative (but not necessarily comprehensive) characteristics have been identified: (1) Most axons arborize in a patchy manner over a widespread territory, frequently greater than 1.0 mm and often up to 1.5 × 1.8 mm (dimensions uncorrected for shrinkage). (2) Terminal arbors are distributed to layers 3, 4, and 6. Those in layer 6 need not be in register with those in the upper layers. (3) Number and size of terminal arbors are variable. One axon may have 1–4 arbors in the middle layers; typically at least one of these will have a diameter of 200–250 µm, while the others may be less developed. There are from 1–3 arbors in layer 6, usually 50 µm (but sometimes up to 100 µm) in diameter. (4) Terminal boutons are of mixed morphology, but usually beaded and large (up to 3.0 µm). (5) In the white matter, many axons travel in the external sagittal stratum but some are part of the U-fiber system. Axons commonly branch, sometimes at depths up to 0.75–1.0 mm, below the gray matter of MT. In summary, these axons are not stereotyped, but rather vary in the number and size of their terminal arbors, as well as in their branching and overall geometry.

Connections from area V1 to MT have been associated with the magnocellular-dominated “processing channel.” As widespread arborizations and bistratified terminations are common to both striate axons in MT and to geniculocortical axons in layer 4Cα of primary visual cortex, these features might be correlated with magnocellular-specific processing requirements.

In this study, we have investigated the organization of mouse visual cortex by correlating in detail the distribution of striate-extrastriate projections with the pattern of callosal connections revealed by the transport of horseradish peroxidase from the contralateral hemisphere. Single injections of 3H-proline into striate cortex produce 8–9 discrete projection fields in the belt of cortex surrounding area 17. The number and arrangement of these fields closely resemble the pattern of extrastriate visual areas in the rat. The callosal pattern is also very similar to that in the rat, and provides a set of landmarks for the location of the striate-recipient zones. Thus, cortical regions containing dense aggregations of callosal cells and terminations surround totally or partially the sparsely callosal striate-recipient zones. By comparing our results with previous accounts of the rat visual plan, we were able to identify in lateral extrastriate cortex of the mouse areas anterolateral (AL), lateromedial (LM), laterointermediate (LI), laterolateral (LL), posterolateral (PL), and posterior (P). We also observed 1–2 projections fields into anteromedial (AM) extrastriate cortex, and one field (S) into the posteromedial border of the head representation in primary somatosensory cortex. Our results support the notions that the visual cortex in the mouse is subdivided into multiple visual areas, and that these areas are arranged according to a plan that is common in rodents.

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) evokes large whole-cell currents in solitary mammalian retinal ganglion cells studied by the patch-clamp method. This evidence suggests that GABA acts directly on the retinal ganglion cells as an inhibitory transmitter as it does elsewhere in the mammalian central nervous system. Here, single-channel recordings of the currents underlying the GABA-induced responses were studied in outside-out patches of cell membrane. In some other preparations, single GABAA channels recorded in the excised patch configuration have been shown to have altered properties in comparison to responses elicited during whole-cell recording. For example, in cortical neurons single GABA-activated channels in excised patches display accelerated desensitization kinetics as well as rapid rundown of the response. Therefore, in retinal ganglion cells, responses generated by GABA in cell-free patches were compared to whole-cell responses. After determining that the responses to GABA in acutely isolated outside-out patches were indeed similar to those of the whole-cell currents in retinal ganglion cells, the unitary conductances were studied. It was determined that these single-channel events resemble those reported in other nervous tissues with 4 elementary conductances of ~10 pS, 19–22 pS, 30–33 pS, and 45–50 pS at 33–35°C.

Inferior frontal eye field (FEF) projections to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN), and corticocortical connections with the superior temporal sulcal (STS) cortex, were studied in five macaque monkeys which had received horseradish peroxidase (HRP) gel implants into the inferior prearcuate cortex (including area 45 of Walker, 1940). These connections were contrasted with those from the dorsal FEF (area 8a) in another macaque monkey. Findings of heavy inferior FEF projections to the ipsilateral DLPN (light to the contralateral DLPN) and reciprocal connections with the deep caudal bank and fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), presumed to be the middle temporal (MT) visual area (Maunsell & Van Essen, 1983a), appeared to go hand in hand with more pronounced projections to the stratum superficialis of the superior colliculus (SC). In contrast, the HRP gel implant in the dorsal prearcuate cortex (area 8a of Walker, 1940) resulted in only very light projections to the ipsilateral DLPN, more pronounced projections to the dorsomedial pontine nucleus (DMPN), almost no projection to the stratum superficialis (SS), and more pronounced reciprocal connections with the upper bank of the STS, presumed to be the medial superior temporal (MST) area (Maunsell & Van Essen, 1983a). Both the inferior and dorsal FEF also had extensive reciprocal connections with the ventral intraparietal area (VIP; Maunsell & Van Essen, 1983a) in the caudal bank of the intraparietal sulcus. The correlated projections of the inferior FEF to the DLPN, MT area, and SS may explain its reported role in smooth pursuit (Lynch, 1987), in addition to its well-established role in the production of voluntary purposeful saccadic eye movements (Bruce et al., 1985).

A photon-counting retinal densitometer is described that has been designed optically and electronically for improved sensitivity and reliability. The device allows measurement of visual pigments through the undilated natural pupils of subjects at relatively low levels of measuring lights, and serves also as an adaptometer for direct comparisons between pigment bleaching or regeneration and light or dark adaptation. Instrumental control and data collection are by computer to permit rapid and simple data analysis and comparisons between subjects. The methods by which the sensitivity and reliability have been enhanced are described in detail, and some examples of experimental results are presented.

Immunohistochemical techiniques were used to survey the distribution of several conventional transmitters, receptors, and neuropeptides in the pigeon nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), a component of the accessory optic ststem. Amongst the conventional neurotransmitts'modulators, the most intense labeling of fibers/terminals within the nBOR was obtained with antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and serotonin (5-HT). Moderately dense fiber plexuses were seen to label with antibodies directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetltransferase (ChAT). GAD-like immunoractivity (GAD-L1) was found in many small and medium-size perikarya within the nBOR. Some of the medium-sized cells were occasionally positive for ChAT-L1. Cell body and dendritic staining was also commonly seen with the two tested antisera against receptors–anti-GABA-A receptor and anti-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

The antisera directed against various neuropetides produced only fiber labelling within the nBOR. The densest fiber plexus staining was observed with antiserum against neuropeptide Y (NPY-L1), while intermediate fiber densities were seen for substance P (SP-L1) and cholecystokinin (CCK-L1). A few varicose fibers were labeled with antisera against neurotensin (NT), leucine-enkephalin (L-KNK), and the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

Unilateral enucleation produced an almost complete elimination of TH-L1 in the contralateral nBOR. SP-L1 and CCK-L1 were also decreased after enucleation. No apparent changes were seen for all other substances.

These results indicate that a wide variety of chemically-specific systems arborize within the nBOR. Three of the immunohistochemically defined fiber systems (TH-LI, SP-LI, and CCK-LI fibers) were reduced after removal of the retina, which may indicate the presence of these substances in retinal ganglion cells. In contrast, the fibers exhibiting ChAT-LI, GAD-LI, 5-HT-Ll, NPY-Ll, NT-LI, L-ENK-LI, and VIP-LI appear to be of nonretinal origin. Two different populations of nBOR neurons exhibited GAD-LI and ChAT-LI. However, these two populations together constituted only about 20% of the nBOR neurons.

Immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing techniques were combined to study the retinal ganglion cells which project to the pars ventralis of the lateral geniculate nucleus (GLv) in the pigeon. Using two different fluorescent tracers, two histochemically-distinct populations of ganglion cells were found to project to both the GLv and the optic tectum. The first population of ganglion cells exhibited tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and represented about 20% of all ganglion cells which were retrogradely labeled from the GLv. The second population of ganglion cells showed substance P-like immunoreactivity and represented about 13% of all ganglion cells projecting to the GLv. These results confirm earlier suggestions that the retinal axons projecting to the GLv also project elsewhere and demonstrate that heterogeneity of retinal ganglion cells transmitters is evident even within a single retino-recipient nucleus such as the GLv.

We test the hypothesis that the diameters of foveal and near-foveal rods and cones for one well-studied human photoreceptor mosaic and one well-studied monkey photoreceptor mosaic (Macaca fascicularis) a scaled relative to focal length. We conclude that this hypothesis is not supported. Rather than being scali proportionally, the sizes of the rods and cones, respectively, are nearly equivalent for both the human ar monkey resulting in an effectively finer retinal grain for the larger human eye. Furthermore, the human density exceeds the monkey rod density beyond about 1 deg of retinal eccentricity. These results suggest variation across primate species is reflected in retinal sampling strategies.

We have used the neurofibrillar method of Gros-Schultze to stain the axonless horizontal cells of capybara, agouti, cat, and rabbit retinae. In all of these species, we have found two unusual horizontal cell morphologies: displaced horizontal cells and biplexiform horizontal cells. The displaced horizontal cells have perikarya located in the ganglion cell layer and dendrites branching in the inner plexiform layer. Many dendrites take an ascending trajectory to branch in the outer plexiform layer. The biplexiform horizontal cells are normally placed horizontal cells with descending processes that branch in the inner plexiform layer. Both cell types occur mainly in the retinal periphery, near the ora serrata. They are more numerous in the capybara retina, where they represent as much as 50% of the axonless horizontal cells of the retinal periphery.