Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T18:37:07.031Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Adjuvant Effects on Imazethapyr, 2,4-D and Picloram Absorption by Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

W. Mack Thompson ,
Scott J. Nissen  and
Robert A. Masters
W. Mack Thompson
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
Scott J. Nissen
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
Robert A. Masters
Affiliation:
U.S. Dep. Agric, Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha−1), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with 14C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha-1 ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.

Keywords

2,4-D amine, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid dimethylamineimazethapyr, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-ethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidpicloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acidammonium nitrate, NH4NO3ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. ♯ EPHES
Type
Physiology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry
Information
Weed Science , Volume 44 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 469 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Anonymous. Pursuit Product Label. American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ 07470.Google Scholar
2. Anonymous. Tordon 22K Product Label. DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN 46268–1189.Google Scholar
3. Anonymous. Weedar 64 Product Label. Rhone-Poulenc Ag Co., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.Google Scholar
4. Boydston, R. A. and Al-khatib, K. 1994. DC X2-5309 organosilicone adjuvant improves control of kochia (Kochia scoparia) with bentazon and bromoxynil. Weed Technol. 8: 99–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Buick, R. D., Buchan, G. D., and Field, R. J. 1993. The role of surface tension of spreading droplets in absorption of a herbicide formulation via leaf stomata. Pestic. Sci. 38: 227–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Buick, R. D., Robson, B., and Field, R. J. 1992. A mechanistic model to describe organosilicon surfactant promotion of triclopyr uptake. Pestic. Sci. 36: 127–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Dunn, P. H. 1985. Origins of leafy spurge in North America. Pages 7–13 in Spurge, Leafy, Watson, A. K., ed., Weed Sci. Soc. of Am., Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
8. Gaskin, R. E. and Stevens, P. J. G. 1993. Antagonism of the foliar uptake of glyphosate into grasses by organosilicone surfactants. Part 2: effects of surfactant structure and glycerol addition. Pestic. Sci. 38: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Gronwald, J. W., Jourdan, S. W., Wyse, D. L., Somers, D. A., and Magnusson, M. U. 1993. Effect of ammonium sulfate on absorption of imazethapyr by quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) and maize (Zea mays) cell suspension cultures. Weed Sci. 41: 325–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Hall, J. C. and Vanden Born, W. H. 1988. The absence of a role of absorption, translocation, or metabolism in the selectivity of picloram and clopyralid in two plant species. Weed Sci. 36: 9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Holloway, P. J. and Edgerton, B. M. 1992. Effects of formulation with different adjuvants on foliar uptake of difenzoquat and 2,4-D: model experiments with wild oat and field bean. Weed Res. 32: 183–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Kent, L. M., Willis, G. D., and Shaw, D. R. 1991. Influence of ammonium sulfate, imazapyr, temperature, and relative humidity on the adsorption and translocation of imazethapyr. Weed Sci. 39: 412–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Kirkwood, R. C. 1987. Uptake and movement of herbicides from plant surfaces and the effects of formulation and environment upon them. Pages 1–25 in Pesticides on Plant Surfaces, Cottrell, H. J., ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, New York.Google Scholar
14. Kirkwood, R. C. 1991. Pathways and mechanisms of uptake of foliage-applied herbicides with particular reference to the role of surfactants. Pages 219–243 in Target Sites for Herbicide Action, Kirkwood, R. C., ed., Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Knoche, M., Tamura, H., and Bukovac, M. J. 1991. Performance and stability of the organosilicone surfactant L-77: effect of pH, concentration, and temperature. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39: 202–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Leistritz, F. L., Thompson, F., and Leitch, J. A. 1992. Economic impact of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in North Dakota. Weed Sci. 40: 275–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1985. Leafy spurge control and improved forage production with herbicides. J. Range Manage. 38: 386–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1987. Leafy spurge control and herbicide residue from annual picloram and 2,4-D application. J. Range Manage. 40: 194–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1990. Cost-effective long-term leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with herbicides. Weed Technol. 4: 635–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1990. Effect of temperature on picloram absorption and translocation in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Sci. 38: 471–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Lym, R. G. and Moxness, K. D. 1989. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of picloram and 2,4-D in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Sci. 37: 498–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Masters, R. A. 1992. Leafy spurge: threat to central plains grasslands. in Smith, D. D., ed. Proc. Twelfth North American Prairie Conf., Cedar Falls, IA. pp. 101–106.Google Scholar
23. Masters, R. A., Stougaard, R. N., and Nissen, S. J. 1994. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with fall-applied imazapyr, imazaquin, and imazethapyr. Weed Technol. 8: 58–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Moxness, K. D. and Lym, R. G. 1989. Environment and spray additive effects on picloram absorption and translocation in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Sci. 37: 181–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Murphy, D. S., Murphy, G. J., and Policello, G. A. 1992. The influence of cosurfactants on the physical properties of organosilicone adjuvants: part 2-acetylinic diol based surfactants. Proc. North Central Weed Science Society. 47: 66–67.Google Scholar
26. Murphy, G. J., Policello, G. A., and Ruckle, R. E. 1991. Formulation considerations for trisiloxane based organosilicone adjuvants. Proc. Brighton Crop Protection Conference—Weeds. 355–362.Google Scholar
27. Nissen, S. J., Masters, R. A., and Stougaard, R. N. 1994. Imazethapyr absorption and fate in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Sci. 42: 158–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Reddy, K. N. and Singh, M. 1992. Organosilicone adjuvant effects on glyphosate efficacy and rainfastness. Weed Technol. 6: 361–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Roggenbuck, F. C., Penner, D., Burow, R. F., and Thomas, B. 1993. Study of the enhancement of herbicide activity and rainfastness by organosilicone adjuvant utilizing radiolabelled herbicide and adjuvant. Pestic. Sci. 37: 121–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Roggenbuck, F. C., Rowe, L., Penner, D., Petroff, L., and Burow, R. 1990. Increasing postemergence efficacy and rainfastness with silicone adjuvants. Weed Technol. 4: 576–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. 1992. Plant Physiology. 4th ed., Wadsworth, Inc., Belmont, California. Page 72.Google Scholar
32. Sandbrink, J. J., Dayawon, M. M., and Kassebaum, J. W. 1993. Non-silicone-based surfactants as glyphosate rainfastness adjuvants. Pestic. Sci. 38: 272–273.Google Scholar
33. Schonherr, J. 1993. Effects of alcohols, glycols and monodisperse ethoxylated alcohols on mobility of 2,4-D in isolated plant cuticles. Pestic. Sci. 39: 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
35. Sterling, T. M. and Lownds, N. K. 1992. Picloram absorption by broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) leaf tissue. Weed Sci. 40: 390–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Stevens, P. J. G. 1993. Organosilicone surfactants as adjuvants for agrochemicals. Pestic. Sci. 38: 103–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Stevens, P. J. G., Gaskin, R. E., Hong, S.-O., and Zabkiewicz, J. A. 1991. Contributions of stomatal infiltration and cuticular penetration to enhancements of foliar uptake by surfactants. Pestic. Sci. 33: 371–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Stevens, P. J. G., Kimberley, M. O., Murphy, D. S., and Policello, G. A. 1993. Adhesion of spray droplets to foliage: the role of dynamic surface tension and advantages of organosilicone surfactants. Pestic. Sci. 38: 237–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Tan, S. and Crabtree, G. D. 1994. Cuticular penetration of 2,4-D as affected by interaction between a diethylene glycol monooleate surfactant and apple leaf cuticles. Pestic. Sci. 41: 35–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Wade, B. R., Riechers, D. E., Liebl, R. A., and Wax, L. M. 1993. The plasma membrane as a barrier to herbicide penetration and site for adjuvant action. Pestic. Sci. 37: 195–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Wills, G. D. and McWhorter, C. G. 1987. Influence of inorganic salts and imazapyr on control of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) with imazaquin and imazethapyr. Weed Technol. 1: 328–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar