Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-08T03:01:32.469Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hexazinone and its Metabolites in Boreal Forest Vegetation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Surindar S. Sidhu  and
Joseph C. Feng
Surindar S. Sidhu
Affiliation:
For. Canada, North. For. Ctr., 5320-122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
Joseph C. Feng
Affiliation:
For. Canada, North. For. Ctr., 5320-122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Concentrations of hexazinone and two metabolites in vegetation were determined for 2 yr after broadcast application of a 10% granular formulation of hexazinone at 2 and 4 kg ai ha−1 rates in August 1986 in a boreal forest. Prewinter concentrations of hexazinone in stems of trembling aspen, Saskatoon berry, and willow ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 μg−1 dry wt at 64 d after treatment (DAT). Absorption of hexazinone accelerated during spring thaw (1987), and residues in foliage of several woody and herbaceous species peaked during May to July. Patterns of accumulation of hexazinone and its metabolites varied with the species. Foliar concentrations diminished significantly by the end of the first growing season in 1987 (372 DAT) and were undetectable or extremely low at the end of the second growing season in 1988 (707 DAT). Based on the highest residue concentrations detected in several plant species, it is estimated that wildlife would ingest a maximum of 16, 28, and 24 mg of hexazinone, metabolite A, and metabolite B, respectively, for every kg of dry matter consumed. Reported LD50 values suggest that application of hexazinone at the 4 kg ai ha−1 rate or less poses no toxicological threat to wildlife.

Keywords

Hexazinone, 3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dionemetabolite A, 3-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dionemetabolite B, 3-cyclohexyl-6-(methylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dioneSaskatoon berry, Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttwillow, Salix speciestrembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. # POPTMForest weed controlherbicide residuessite preparationcrop releaseleaf litter
Type
Soil, Air, and Water
Information
Weed Science , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , June 1993 , pp. 281 - 287
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Baron, J. J. and Monaco, T. J. 1986. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of hexazinone in blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) and hollow golden rod (Solidago fistulos). Weed Sci. 34:824–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Bostack, H. S. 1970. Physiographic Subdivisions of Canada. Pages 10–30 in Douglas, R.J.W., ed. Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada. Dep. Energy, Mines, and Resources. Geological Survey of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. Economic Geology Rep. No. 1. 838 pp + maps.Google Scholar
3. Bouchard, D. C., Lavy, T. L., and Lawson, E. R. 1985. Mobility and persistence of hexazinone in a forest watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 14:229–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Chakravarty, P. and Sidhu, S. S. 1987. Effect of glyphosate, hexazinone and triclopry on in vitro growth of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 17:204–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Corns, I.G.W. and Annas, R. M. 1986. Field guide to forest ecosystems of west-central Alberta. Can. For. Serv., North. For. Ctr., Edmonton, Alberta. 251 pp.Google Scholar
6. Environment Canada. 1986. Monthly records—meteorological observations in Canada. Atmos. Environ. Serv., Environ. Can., Downsview, Ontario.Google Scholar
7. Feng, J. C. 1988. Cross-wind effect on aerial application of granular hexazinone. Expert Comm. Weeds, West. Can. Sect. 1988 Res. Rep. 3:203.Google Scholar
8. Feng, J. C. 1992. A microcolumn method for hexazinone and metabolite residues in soil and vegetation. Can. J. Chem. 70:1087–1092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Feng, J. and Feng, C. 1988. Determination of hexazinone residues and their fate in a New Brunswick forest. Agric. Can., Can. For. Serv., For. Pest Manage. Inst., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Inf. Rep. FPM-X-81. 15 pp + 5 Append.Google Scholar
10. Feng, J. C., Feng, C. C., and Sidhu, S. S. 1989. Determination of hexazinone residue and its release from a granular formulation under forest conditions. Can. J. For. Res. 19:378–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Feng, J. C. and Sidhu, S. S. 1989. Distribution of blank hexazinone granules from aerial and ground applicators. Weed Technol. 3:275–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Feng, J. C., Sidhu, S. S., Feng, C. C., and Servant, V. 1989. Hexazinone residues and dissipation in soil leachates. J. Environ. Sci. Health B24:131–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Feng, J. C., Stornes, V., and Rogers, R. 1988. Release of hexazinone from PRONONE 10G granules exposed to simulated rainfall under laboratory conditions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B23:267–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Ghassemi, M., Quinlivan, S., and Dellario, M. 1982. Environmental effects of new herbicides for vegetation control in forest. Environ. Int. 7:389–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Hatzios, K. K. and Howe, C. M. 1982. Influence of herbicides hexazinone and chlorsulfuron on the metabolism of isolated soybean leaf cells. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 17:207–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Lavy, T. L., Mattice, J. D., and Kochendefer, J. N. 1989. Hexazinone persistence and mobility of a steep forested watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 18:507–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Rhodes, R. C. 1980. Soil studies with 14C-labelled hexazinone. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:311–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Rhodes, R. C. 1980. Studies with 14C-labelled hexazinone in water and bluegill sunfish. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:306–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Rhodes, R. C. and Jewell, R. A. 1980. Metabolism of 14C-labelled hexazinone in the rat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:303–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest Regions of Canada. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, Ontario. Publ. No. 1300. 172 pp.Google Scholar
21. Sidhu, S. S. and Chakravarty, P. 1990. Effect of selected forestry herbicides on ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth of lodgepole pine and white spruce under controlled and field environment. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 20:77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Sidhu, S. S. and Feng, J. C. 1990. Environmental impacts of vegetation management by mechanical and chemical (hexazinone) methods including residue chemistry. Canada-Alberta For. Resource Dev. Rep. For. Can. North. For. Ctr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Project #1412-97. 220 pp.Google Scholar
23. Sung, S. S., South, D. B., and Gjerstad, D. H. 1985. Bioassay indicates a metabolite of hexazinone affects photosynthesis of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Weed Sci. 33:440–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Twardy, A. G. and Dowgray, A.I.T. 1985. Soil survey of two cutblock test areas and detailed analysis of blocks within the test area. Report prepared for Canada-Alberta Forest Resources Development Project. Pedology consultants, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
25. USDA. 1984. Pesticide background statements. Volume 1. Herbicides. For. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. No. 633. Washington, DC. pp H-1 to H-86.Google Scholar
26. WSSA. 1989. Herbicide Handbook. 6th ed. Weed Sci. Soc. Am., Champaign, IL. pp 151–152.Google Scholar