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Tolerance of Three Clovers (Trifolium spp.) to Common Herbicides

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James D. McCurdy ,
J. Scott McElroy ,
Michael L. Flessner ,
Jared A. Hoyle  and
Ethan T. Parker
James D. McCurdy*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762
J. Scott McElroy
Affiliation:
Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
Michael L. Flessner
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
Jared A. Hoyle
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, Forestry and Recreation Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
Ethan T. Parker
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: jmccurdy@pss.msstate.edu.
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Abstract

Clover inclusion may increase the sustainability of certain low-maintenance turfgrasses. However, selective weed control within mixed turfgrass–clover swards proves problematic because of clover susceptibility to herbicides. Research was conducted to identify common turf herbicides that are tolerated by three Trifolium species, including white clover, ball clover, and small hop clover, within low-maintenance turfgrass. Leaf and flower density, as well as plant height, were measured 4 wk after treatment as indicators of clover response to 14 herbicides. The three Trifolium spp. were moderately tolerant of bentazon (< 35% decrease in leaf density, height, or flowering). Simazine was well tolerated by white clover (< 5% decrease in all response variables), yet moderate injury to ball clover and small hop clover was observed (> 32% decrease in leaf density and > 27% decrease in flower density). Pronamide was well tolerated by white and ball clovers, with no effect on measured response variables; however, pronamide decreased small hop clover height and flower density (38 and 42%, respectively). Imazethapyr and imazamox were moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover (< 39% decrease by all response variables), yet ball clover may be more susceptible to these herbicides than was anticipated based on previously reported tolerance. The herbicides 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, and metribuzin were well tolerated by white clover, with no effect on measured response variables; however, results suggest ball and small hop clovers were less tolerant. Clopyralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfuron resulted in varying degrees of injury across clover species and response variables, but, in general, these herbicides may not be viable options when attempting to maintain any of the three clover species tested. Further research is needed to quantify long-term effects of herbicide application on sward composition and clover succession.

La inclusión de Trifolium podría incrementar la sostenibilidad de varios céspedes de bajo mantenimiento. Sin embargo, el control selectivo de malezas en mezclas de céspedes con Trifolium es problemático debido a la susceptibilidad de Trifolium a muchos herbicidas. Se realizó una investigación para identificar herbicidas comunes para céspedes que son tolerados por tres especies de Trifolium, incluyendo Trifolium repens, Trifolium nigrescens, y Trifolium dubium, en céspedes de bajo mantenimiento. La densidad de hojas y flores, al igual que la altura de planta, fueron medidas 4 semanas después del tratamiento, como indicadores de la respuesta de Trifolium a 14 herbicidas. Los tres Trifolium spp. fueron moderadamente tolerantes a bentazon (< 35% de disminución en densidad de hojas, altura, o floración). T. repens también toleró simazine (< 5% disminución en todas las variables de respuesta), aunque se observó un daño moderado en T. nigrescens y T. dubium (> 32% disminución en densidad de hojas y > 27% disminución en densidad de flores). Pronamide fue tolerado por T. repens y T. nigrescens, sin ningún efecto en las variables de respuesta medidas. Sin embargo, pronamide disminuyó la altura y densidad de flores de T. dubium (38 y 42%, respectivamente). Imazethapyr e imazamox fueron moderadamente tolerados por T. repens y T. dubium (< 39% disminución de todas las variables de respuesta), aunque T. nigrescens podría ser más susceptible a estos herbicidas que lo que se anticipó con base en reportes previos de tolerancia. Los herbicidas 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, y metribuzin fueron bien tolerados por T. repens, sin efectos en las variables de respuesta medidas. Sin embargo, los resultados sugieren que T. nigrescens y T. dubium fueron menos tolerantes. Clopyralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl, y nicosulfuron resultaron en varios grados de daño entre las especies de Trifolium y las variables de respuesta, pero en general, estos herbicidas no serían opciones viables al tratar de mantener alguna de las especies de Trifolium evaluadas. Investigaciones adicionales son necesarias para cuantificar los efectos a largo plazo de la aplicación de herbicidas en la composición del césped y la sucesión de especies de Trifolium.

Keywords

2,4-D2,4-DBbentazonclopyralidglyphosatehalosulfuronimazaquinimazethapyrimazamoxmetribuzinnicosulfuronpronamidesimazinemetsulfuron-methylball clover, Trifolium nigrescens Viv.small hop clover, Trifolium dubium Sibth. TRFDUwhite clover, Trifolium repens L. TRFRECloverlegume inclusionmixed-swardturfgrass
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , June 2016 , pp. 478 - 485
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Jeffrey Derr, Virginia Tech.

References

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