Introduction
The term “kabbalah” is used in scholarship to designate an extensive and variegated range of treatises and theological notions. Nonetheless, in terms of theological content, the common denominator of this variety seems to be the belief in a stratified emanational divine structure, namely, the sefirot. Despite the great variety of sefirotic concepts, as a rule the sefirot have been described in scholarly literature as a multilinear, hierarchical structure of divine hypostases, usually adding up to a total of ten.Footnote 1 Gershom Scholem and others did observe that sefirotic texts and diagrams depict the sefirot also in nonlinear ways, most prominently as sets of concentric circles or spheres, and that other aspects of sefirotic theosophy are also often conveyed by means of circular or spherical structures.Footnote 2 These observations were mostly suggested regarding specific sefirotic authors or corpora, or when describing the inner variation characterizing sefirotic theosophy as a whole.Footnote 3 In recent years, scholars are gradually coming to acknowledge the centrality of the spherical sefirotic concepts, and this seems to be related to two newly pursued scholarly perspectives: first, a focus on the visual and graphical aspect of kabbalistic manuscripts, that is, the sefirotic diagrams, many of which indeed display spherical theosophic structures;Footnote 4 and second, a growing skepticism regarding the long accepted binary division between the so-called kabbalah and philosophy (the latter, including astronomy, based on spherical geocentric cosmological conventions) in medieval Jewish sources.Footnote 5 Thus, recently J. H. Chajes argued in an important article that both graphically and conceptually, kabbalists visualized the sefirot in ways that depended on contemporary cosmological knowledge regarding a spherical cosmos.Footnote 6 Chajes focused on fifteenth- and sixteenth-century kabbalistic diagrams and on the writings of the sixteenth-century kabbalist Moses Cordovero, while showing that the roots of these spherical-cosmological concepts of the sefirot were found in some earlier sefirotic sources that Cordovero was himself critically reviewing.Footnote 7
In this study, I wish to focus on the earliest sefirotic literature in order to expand and refine the existing valuable scholarly assertions and add my own perspective. In what follows, I will develop the argument regarding variegated earlier sefirotic sources, showing that, indeed, the conception of the sefirot as spherical entities is as early as the sefirotic literature itself, dating to the beginning of the thirteenth century at the latest. My claim is that this view of the sefirot was common among the earliest writers, a fact easily overlooked precisely because this concept was so self-evident and natural for the earliest writers that they saw no need to present, explain, or justify it in a straightforward manner. This is, indeed, why in the earliest texts the sphericity of the sefirot is often merely implied, and also why only as we draw closer to the end of the thirteenth century do we find the more elaborate and reflexive passages on the subject. Also, to be sure, this spherical concept of the sefirot was not exclusive and did not deter the writers from using additional sefirotic images, sometimes side by side within a single text or passage. Still, my claim is that a substantial part of the early sefirotic authors envisaged and perceived the sefirot primarily as spherical divine entities.
I will begin my discussion by analyzing early passages corroborating my claim. Then, I will offer a preliminary typology of the different specific types of sphericities expressed in the early sources. In accordance with Chajes’s findings, we will see that cosmological conventions were indeed a central—though not the sole—factor in the formation of the earlier spherical notion of the sefirot. Thus, I will show that the ideational background for this early conception of the sefirot included additional factors, most prominently a theological and mystical medieval preoccupation with divine circular structures, alongside certain theological notions from late antique Jewish sources that exerted significant influence on the early kabbalists. In this manner, my aim will be to illustrate the centrality, scope, and inner variation characterizing the spherical concepts of the sefirot in early sefirotic literature.
Circle within a Circle: The Sphericity of the Sefirot in Thirteenth-Century Sefirotic Literature
I wish to open with Isaac of Acre, one of the most eloquent sefirotic authors regarding the sphericity of the sefirot, although he is not among the earliest writers to be discussed in this article. Especially in his Me’irat Einayim, a large commentary on Nachmanides’s commentary on the Torah, dating probably to the end of the thirteenth century or the very first years of the fourteenth,Footnote 8 he refers to the sphericity of the sefirot, such as in the following passage:Footnote 9
And you should know that the Atara [the tenth sefirah] was [first] to be thought of and last to be emanated [. . .] and when you count [the sefirot] from your right to your left you will find them to be ten, and you will see that the Keter [the first sefirah] is a house for them all and surrounds [them all]. It therefore follows that in what regards emanation, the antecedent will always be smaller [than all others] and will be surrounded by all others, and will be contained in everything. And this is like onion layers. And this is similar to the inferior Earth, which is small, and is situated in the midst of everything which has been created, for it is like a mustard [seed] in a ring,Footnote 10 and it is compound of all the elements and it is situated in the middle like the heart in the human body. Thus, so to speak, is the Atara [. . .]. Observe and see that the Atara is contained inside the Tzadik [penultimate sefirah] and inside of all her superior ones [namely, the other sefirot], and [the Atara] is unified into them and is surrounded by them, and so is the Tzadik, and so is the Hod, and so the Netzah, and so the Gevurah [. . .] and so the Binah, and so the Hokhma; and the Keter contains everything.Footnote 11
In a straightforward and detailed manner, Isaac summarizes the main point I underline in this study: that thirteenth-century kabbalists perceived the sefirot as a spherical concentric decimal structure of a distinct inner hierarchy. Here, in Isaac’s description, the top of the hierarchy is described as located in the outermost sphere, a feature which is presented as an all-encompassing metaphysical principle, and which is understood as analogous to the structure of the geocentric cosmos. The clarity and great detail of this passage are more characteristic of the relatively later sources within the early sefirotic corpus. In contradistinction, the following are good examples of earlier kabbalistic sources in which the sphericity of the sefirot was mentioned or presupposed, but only apropos discussions of other issues and in less didactic detail.
I begin with the Bahir, which is commonly considered to be the earliest sefirotic treatise known to us. Passage 122 in the Bahir seems as straightforward as it gets in identifying the celestial spheres (galgalim) with the bahiric sefirotic notion of ten “utterances” (ma’amarot).Footnote 12 This is well known, and Scholem already discussed this a century ago, when he remarked that these were indeed the astronomical spheres that were identified with the sefirot, following the philosophical commentators of Sefer Yetzirah who understood the term sefirot as referring to the celestial spheres.Footnote 13 However, I would like to draw our attention to a much more minute, though telling, phrasing found in passage 102. This passage reminds us that the concept of “firmament” or heavens (raki’a, shamayim) was understood in this period as a spherical celestial entity:Footnote 14 “The Seventh [divine utterance, ma’amar] is ‘The Plains of Heaven’ [Arvoth Shamayim]. And why is it called ‘Heaven’? Because it is round like a head.”Footnote 15 What is remarkable about this description is its straightforwardness alongside its incidental, nonreflexive tone: When trying to substantiate a tradition concerning the designation of the seventh sefirah as related both to a “surface” (arvoth) and to a “heaven” (shamayim), the explanation links these terms to the fact that this “seventh” is of spherical form, in the likeness of a head.Footnote 16 In other words, seeing the notion of “heaven” as a sphere is, for this author, a self-evident presumption on the basis of which he suggests an explanation for a tradition regarding the name of one of the sefirotic entities. In this case, it seems that the only reason the sphericity of the seventh sefirah was mentioned to begin with was the author’s purpose of explaining a specific designation he was familiar with. Indeed, the sphericity of the heavens or sefirot as such, was, for him, a given, self-evident fact, itself not worthy of attention.Footnote 17 In this regard it is interesting that, according to Sefer haShem (formerly attributed to Moses de León), by the end of the thirteenth century, kabbalists associated the circular depictions of the sefirot primarily with the Bahir, although by this stage, it is said there, most of them in fact no longer accepted this view.Footnote 18
Another example, from the middle of the thirteenth century, which allows us a glimpse at the kabbalists’ spherical concept of the sefirot, can be found in the famous and influential treatise on the left emanation by Isaac HaCohen.Footnote 19 In this anthology of early traditions, Isaac depicts a demonic quasi-sefirotic structure of the “other,” negative, left side of the Godhead. Having specified the various names and designations of the demonic powers linked to this side, he goes on to address, albeit very briefly, the aspect of structure of this left emanation, indicating that, “this is the order of all the configurations [ma’arakhot]—a circle within a circle.”Footnote 20 This comment reveals that for the writer it was self-evident that the right emanation is concentrically spherical, and he merely points to the fact that the left emanation parallels the right emanation in this respect. Moreover, it is possible to construe from this telling comment that this concentric spherical structure applies to the entire structure of the sefirot and not only to its parts. In what follows we will see examples of positions to which Isaac HaCohen may have been responding.
Before we proceed, however, I would like to present another early sefirotic text, probably Provençal, which conveys, again very succinctly, the notion of a spherical concentric structure of the sefirot as comprehensive and all-encompassing. The longer version of Sefer HaIyyun, of the early treatises of the anonymous Iyyun corpus, reads as follows:Footnote 21
And these are the ten actions that become revealed from the actual power [of the single first source], [and] they are ten: the first is “miraculous light,” the second is [. . .], the tenth is the divider [pargod]. For all of them are called crowns of honor [kitrei kavod], [and they are] rounded in [or: wrapped in] the appearance of a canopy.Footnote 22
In terms of style and literary genre, the Iyyun writings surely pose a challenge for the reader and must be read prudently in order to parse their meaning as accurately as possible. Here, the text emphasizes that it is the ten “actions” (a sefirotic entity, related to the Ma’amarot) in their totality that are seen as “crowns” of the Kavod. What is important for us is that these ten “actions” are conceived of as nested spheres (perhaps around the inner Kavod) and their wrapping ability (or characteristic) is highlighted.Footnote 23 In general, the virtue of “wrapping” or “covering,” even more than “encircling,” is strongly associated with the notion of divine Wisdom (Hokhma), not only as the sefirah Hokhma but also as the “Ancient Wisdom” in pre-sefirotic sources, and we shall return to this important point in what follows. However, here it is not just one of the divine entities that is thus described, but rather the entire decimal structure is conceived of as ten wrapping layers around one common center that is their source.
Unlike the text we have just examined, in the following passage, attributed to Azriel of Gerona, who was active in Catalonia in the middle third of the thirteenth century, sphericity clearly characterizes only the uppermost part of the sefirotic structure:
And their position above is as follows: Rom Ma’ala [=the first sefirah, Keter] encircles and surrounds the Hokhma and the Bina, and they surround what is underneath them. And the Hesed is attracted to the Netzah which is on the right side, and the Pahad [=Din, Gevurah] is attracted to the Hod which is on the left side, and the Tiferet and the Yesod Olam are in the middle, and Tzedek [=ultimate sefirah] faces them.Footnote 24
The upper three sefirot, here referred to using the more familiar designations—Keter, Hokhma, Bina—are clearly described as three concentric spheres. The more intriguing part is what follows regarding the lower seven sefirot. There seems to be a certain spatial dimension to this description, most prominently regarding the ultimate sefirah, which is said to stand vis-à-vis the sefirot Yesod and Tiferet. Nevertheless, there is no indication that this lower part of the sefirot is conceived of as spherical, as sphericity is understood as a sublime attribute reserved for the upper three sefirot alone. In other words, sphericity here is specifically identified with the virtue of divinity and sublimity, and therefore serves to indicate an inner hierarchy within the sefirotic structure.Footnote 25
This description conforms to the ancient and medieval admiration of the divine nature of the circle, an attitude that is to be found in ancient sources and to a no lesser extent in medieval astronomical literature. This is a vast topic, which could be approached from several angles and which cannot be exhausted here. Indeed, the circle was considered a divine shape in many cultures and was venerated frequently in Jewish medieval sources as well. Just a few relevant examples: in Ashkenazi literature, which exerted significant influence on sefirotic thought and imaginaire, the divine throne is described as spherical—a three-dimensional shape—and the various traditions regarding the egoz (walnut) are also based on concepts of a three-dimensional, roundish-shaped Godhead.Footnote 26 A closer link between the term “sefirot” from Sefer Yetzirah and the concept of “sefirot,” the planetary spheres and the shape to the circle, can be found in diagrams accompanying commentaries on Sefer Yetzirah, for example as early as in the pseudo-Saadian version, also part of medieval Ashkenazi thought,Footnote 27 and many more examples appear in later diagrams accompanying Sefer Yetzirah commentaries.Footnote 28 In addition, we find spherical images of the sefirot; the most famous are probably the common designations of the first and last sefirot as crowns (Keter and Atara).Footnote 29
It should be noted that the circle expressed theosophical notions also beyond the mere concept of sefirot: thus, for example, the concept of a spherical psychological shape, which stems from the Greek association of primordial human androgyny with round anthropomorphic shapes.Footnote 30 Another, more abstract expression of the circle and circularity in sefirotic thought and literature has stood at the center of Elliot Wolfson’s recent investigations on the concept of time and the use of metaphors by the kabbalists.Footnote 31 However, alongside these various important considerations, another main point of departure when examining our texts is indeed the cosmological one. It is well known that medieval astronomical literature was extremely preoccupied with this shape and its metaphysical qualities. Thus, there are several well-known medieval scientific works titled De sphaera, of which John of Sacrobosco’s is probably the most popular.Footnote 32 All these, however, are but preliminary illustrations meant to give a sense of the widespread status of the sphere and the circle as divine forms in this period, to such a degree that actual acquisition of detailed, professional astronomical knowledge would certainly not have been required in order for sefirotic writers to share this prevalent interest and reverence toward these forms as expressions of the divine aspects of the cosmos.
Going back to our main discussion, it should be stressed that reserving the quality of sphericity solely for the three upper sefirot had not been the standard view in thirteenth-century sefirotic sources. This can be gleaned from another interesting passage by Isaac of Acre in his Me’irat Einayim:
Regarding the encircling [or: circuit, hakafa, namely, the custom of carrying Torah scrolls seven times around the altar in the synagogue during the service of Simhat Torah], know that this hints to the encircling of the seven sefirot around that altar [=the ultimate sefirah], for all of them roll and spread about each of their seven kinds of emanation [. . .] and each and every one of them puts an essence in action, by way of turning around the will [hefetz] that spread in them, and [they are] rolling around in order to emanate profusion and emanation into the sea of Hokhma [. . .]. And because the seven sefirot circumscribe [hogegim] and encircle each other by way of the circumscribing [mehuga] of grace and will spreading from the limitless, this holiday is “hag” [one of the three pilgrimage festivals], as in “and he walks in the circuit of heaven” [Job 22:14].Footnote 33
This is a sefirotic take on the liturgical custom of hakafot practiced during the holiday of Simchat Torah.Footnote 34 The seven festive circuits around the altar while carrying Torah scrolls stand for the seven lower sefirot, which are described as encompassing and encircling the ultimate sefirah, Atara, symbolized by the altar. Two verbs are at the crux of this discussion: hakafa and hagiga, both doubly referring to the action of encircling and to the holiday of Simchat Torah with its praxis of hakafot. For our purpose, we see that Isaac clearly describes the seven lower sefirot as concentric circles, arranged in hierarchical order. Also, here it is the encircling motion that is specifically described as the motor setting the entire structure in motion, thus bringing about abundance of divine profusion. Indeed, in this passage, in which the upper three sefirot are not even mentioned, the lower seven sefirot are clearly described in spherical terms.Footnote 35
To conclude this survey of examples conveying spherical conceptions of the sefirot, let us look at an example from the early fourteenth century, composed by Joseph ben Shalom Ashkenazi in his commentary on Sefer Yetzirah:
And therefore, do not be perplexed when scripture or any oral saying will refer [to the firmaments, identified with the sefirot] at times as a form of a circle, at times as a form of a human, at times as the form of the sun, at times as the form of the earth, or of mountains, or of round trees, because their sefirot are round; they are spherical [kadduri], not flat.Footnote 36
What I find remarkable in this passage is not that Ashkenazi is well aware of the variety of images and designations used in the different sources for the sefirot. Rather, it is the common denominator he finds to be connecting all of these forms, and the justification he offers for their conspicuous variedness—that is, the round form he attributes to all of them. Note that he sees a round form not only in the case of the circle, the sun, the earth, and the mountains, but also in the scheme of the human form, most probably the head.Footnote 37 This can be gleaned from the fact that Ashkenazi clarifies that he is referring to “round trees,” and not to all other trees that are not round and therefore unfit to serve as illustrations for the round, to be sure, spherical, three-dimensional shape of the sefirot (specifically, “not a flat circle”).
Last but not least, as Giulio Busi, Marla Segol, and J. H. Chajes have discussed, we should recall that some of the earliest manuscripts displaying sefirotic diagrams in fact depict them spherically.Footnote 38 Thus the thirteenth-century MS Paris 763 depicts the sefirot as circles that surround the Tiferet, and MS Parma 2784, produced in 1286, includes a concentric spherical diagram that identifies the designations of the sefirot with the astronomical orbs.
Spherical Hierarchy within the Sefirot
An overview of spherical descriptions of the sefirot in sefirotic literature from the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries reveals three types of inner hierarchies. The first type, which is also the most prevalent in the literature, considers the outermost sphere as the divine source of the entire structure. The second sees the center of the concentric structure as the divine source and as the basis of the structure. This approach is evident in early Provençal texts, and most prominently in early Iyyun writings, a corpus which is characterized by an admiration of the circle as a cosmic theological principle. This attitude seems to rely on late antique theological beliefs such as those characterizing Sefer Yetzirah.Footnote 39 The third approach can be construed as a middle path between the first two, with an interesting identification between the outermost sphere and the innermost center of the spherical structure as a whole. This approach is also evident in early Provençal texts—a main example being the Sefer Yetzirah commentary attributed to Isaac the Blind.Footnote 40
A. The Divine Source is the Outermost Sphere
As stated, the more prevalent approach assumes that within a spherical hierarchical sefirotic structure, the most divine stratum would be located in the outermost sphere, and, accordingly, the least divine part would be found in its center. In sefirotic terms, this means that the higher-most Sefira, usually Keter or Hokhma, is seen as the outermost spherical stratum, within which the lower sefirot are nested one inside the other, all the way until the last sefirah identified as the center of the sphere. This also means that Keter or Hokhma were often seen as the source not only of divine abundance but, even more so, of cosmic movement, similar to the notion of a prime mover.Footnote 41
Indeed, this approach surely draws on earlier rabbinic conceptions that saw God as located in the circumference of the cosmos,Footnote 42 but it is also clearly rooted in medieval cosmological discourse, which was geocentric and conceived of the outermost spheres as divine. Let me stress again that the scope of cosmological knowledge required to accommodate a spherical notion of the sefirot was very minimal and included familiarity with the general concentric structure of a geocentric cosmos, with divine spheres carrying the planets and stars and with the divine surrounding the entire system. To be sure, I am not claiming that any specific astronomical source, or piece of astronomical information regarding the sphericity of the cosmos, “influenced” the kabbalists to conceive of the sefirot as spheres, but rather that the existing notion of the sefirot as spheres, which relies on many sources and is in itself natural for authors who believed they are situated within a spherical cosmos, was sometimes formed in ways which seem to correspond to the characteristics of the cosmological reality. Basic astronomical matter had been accessible for Jews for quite a while. In fact, Hebrew treatises on astronomy were extant even before the surge of the sefirotic literature in the thirteenth century (such as the works of Abraham ibn Ezra and Abraham bar Hiyya), so we can assume that Jewish intellectuals were aware of the basic conventions regarding the structure of the cosmos that were then prevalent. A related, important factor to bear in mind is the ongoing engagement of medieval Jewish intellectuals with astrology, which has been extensively discussed in scholarship, including its links to kabbalah and magic.Footnote 43 In addition, there was an unprecedented surge in Hebrew writing on cosmology in the thirteenth century itself, beginning in 1247, with several Hebrew encyclopedic treatises achieving considerable popularity. What is important in this respect is not so much the more detailed and professional astronomical knowledge that became accessible to Jews but the renewed interest in these subjects on the part of Jews, which propelled the composition, reproduction, and study of these texts. Moreover, as Niran Garshtein recently observed, this should be seen as an expression of a general process of acceptance and interiorization of this knowledge among Jews living in the Christian West, which lent astrology the new status of “normal science.”Footnote 44 Indeed, we know of kabbalists who were knowledgeable in astronomy, not only the aforementioned Joseph Ashkenazi, but also Joseph ibn Waqar, active in Toledo, and, later on, Samuel Ibn Motot (or Matut).Footnote 45 Given all this, it should come as no surprise that by the early fourteenth century, the Zoharic Ra’aya Mehemna and Tikkunei Zohar align the seven lower sefirot with the planets in ways reminiscent of that which we find in Ben Sheshet’s treatises, to be discussed below.Footnote 46
In addition, it is well known that medieval Latin manuscripts abound with rota diagrams conveying cosmological information while illustrating the actual spherical geocentric structure of the cosmos.Footnote 47 Specifically, this can also be related to a change occurring in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, when, as part of the efforts to conceptualize the relations between material nature and God, we see vicissitudes in cosmological diagrams with the outermost sphere becoming identified with the holy spirit.Footnote 48 On the other hand, in medieval Jewish sources such as Abraham ibn Ezra and Solomon ibn Gabirol, one finds the notion of a tenth sphere identified as the prime mover.Footnote 49 As far as sefirotic literature is concerned, it is also possible that the notion of an orb (galgal) on which “all is engraved,” mentioned in the Sefer Yetzirah commentary attributed to Isaac the Blind, should be understood as the tenth sphere, or Aplanus, familiar to us from twelfth-century literature.Footnote 50
In this case, however, all these cosmological conventions should be examined alongside additional traditions. I am mainly referring to the description of Hokhma, which, already in biblical literature, is defined as an all-encompassing parchment. Following Ps 104:2, such a parchment, or divine cloth made of divine light, was identified in rabbinic literature as a primordial firmament, and, in sefirotic literature, as a primordial cosmological sphere.Footnote 51 The combination of this ancient image of the Hokhma with the medieval sefirotic notion of the Hokhma as the first sefirah seems to have brought about an image identifying the Hokhma as the sefirotic source with the image of the all-encompassing divine parchment as a primordial sphere in the cosmological sense.
A prominent, early cosmological-sefirotic author was Jacob ben-Sheshet of Gerona, active in the first third of the thirteenth century. Ben-Sheshet’s writings, in particular his Sha’ar HaShamaim, are a rich source of information for our discussion.Footnote 52 I will nevertheless open with a quote that appears in another famous treatise he wrote, the Meshiv Devarim Nekhohim, as it succinctly encapsulates my basic contention. In this treatise, which ben-Sheshet writes against Samuel ibn Tibbon’s radical stand on Maimonides’s philosophy, he states as part of his argument: “The entity which is emanated first, by which all things were created, is the one which surrounds everything.”Footnote 53 In a nutshell, this is the gist of the cosmological-spherical approach, and it is important for us to see how it fits perfectly with scientific and philosophical sefirotic discourse, of which ben-Sheshet is one of the most prominent protagonists. According to him, whatever antecedes, whether ontologically, chronologically, or theologically, will always be that which surrounds and encompasses what is inferior in relation to it.Footnote 54 In the same way, the prime mover is the outermost source of cosmic motion, and it encompasses everything below, such that the outermost sefirot are identified as the most sublime divine sources of motion and profusion.
Although in later sefirotic literature the first sefirah is often identified as the Keter, this is not always the case in the earlier literature, specifically in Provençal writings, where the Hokhma is often clearly designated as the first emanated force. This point is of importance for our discussion, in light of the ancient image of the Hokhma as an outermost wrapping parchment that was combined with prevalent cosmological hierarchical principles, as mentioned earlier. Thus, the sefirotic notion of the Hokhma as the first, most sublime, sefirah was formed, and it came to be seen as the outermost sphere in the spherical concentric structure of the sefirot. In this vein, an example from the earlier literature is cited by Azriel of Gerona in the name of the Provençal Isaac the Blind:
Thus, we learn that the Blessed one wrapped himself, which means that he received splendor from the abundance of the glare of the Hokhma, which is glazed in its utterance, and through that abundance a light sparkled, from which issuance [hazmana] of the flowing [hamshakha] of the Hokhma which encircles everything. And thus it is said, “your faithfulness is all around you.” [Ps 89:7] This is how the Hasid Rabbi explained, and that was his wording.Footnote 55
The Hokhma here is perceived as a parchment or cloth in which one can wrap oneself, specifically, encircle oneself, as God himself has done. However, it is important to note that the meaning of this action of covering oneself is that divine profusion or light flows from this covering, namely, from the Hokhma, into the one covered and encircled within the Hokhma. In other words, the Hokhma, the first sefirotic entity to have been emanated, is seen as a wrapping and covering parchment or surface, which is revealed and activated as an emanating power once it is spread open, encircling and encompassing everything included within it, and in this way conferring the profusion from the outer parchment, or surface, to the powers or entities within.
In Geronese sefirotic sources—contemporary and slightly later to Isaac the Blind—we see the same basic notion of the outermost sefirah as an encircling covering of the entire divine construct, only this time the sefirah is not the Hokhma but the Keter.Footnote 56 Indeed, it seems that in the earlier literature, the notion of the Keter was not dominant, and the more prominent theosophic status as the first emanated entity was reserved for the Hokhma, through the well-established and familiar motif of “Ancient Wisdom.”Footnote 57
Thus, in Geronese literature of this period, we do see a shift in the attribution of this notion to the Hokhma that now relates it to the Keter. In his treatise on the rationale of the commandments, Ezra of Gerona offers a sefirotic take on the rabbinic tradition depicting God as wearing phylacteries (b. Ber. 6a), in which the latter are described as the circle of the crown, which encircles the four biblical passages (parashot) written on the inside parchment of the phylacteries that stand for the main sefirotic entities: Hokhma, Bina, Hesed, and Din.Footnote 58 Here we clearly see that Ezra envisaged the Keter in a manner very similar to the way the Hokhma was described in the Provençal literature, namely, as a source that encircles everything. In a like vein, in the commentary attributed to Azriel of Gerona on the liturgical passage of Kedushah, we read that Keter is an encircling, outermost, circular (or spherical) exalted divine emanation, whose designation expresses both this form as well as the encompassing virtue of the crown.Footnote 59 These phrasings regarding the Keter recur quite often in this and in later generations,Footnote 60 for example, in Sha’arei Orah by the Castilian kabbalist Joseph Gikatilla.Footnote 61 In his Sha’arei Tzedek, Gikatilla describes the Binah as “one who goes around in circuits [soheret],” as in “circuitously [sehor sehor].”Footnote 62 Moshe Idel attributed a circular diagram conveying a similar perception to David ben Judah heHasid, which should also be taken into account here.Footnote 63
Thus far we have seen that in early sefirotic literature, both Provençal and Geronese, a prevalent theological convention envisaged the sefirot as a concentric spherical structure, in which the source, the first emanated sefirah, on which the entire structure stands and from which it feeds, is the outermost circumference of this structure. In Provençal texts this is attributed to the Hokhma, perceived as the first sefirah and combined with earlier images of the Hokhma as an all-encompassing cosmic parchment, with roots already in biblical imaginaire. In Geronese literature this is more commonly attributed to the Keter, perceived in these sources as the first sefirah, and related mainly to the visual and linguistic meanings of this term—as a circle that surrounds the head and endows the entire structure with its meaning and essence.
Apart from these rationales, there is clearly a cosmological basis for this spherical conception, namely, the accepted scientific convention according to which the outer orbs are the source of motion for the entire cosmos. Specifically, we know that the belief in the empyrean heaven, although solely grounded on biblical and theological premises, was widely accepted among theologians writing on cosmology in the twelfth century, and more so in the thirteenth.Footnote 64 The empyrean was often identified as the firmament of Genesis and was discussed from the twelfth century onwards by such authors as Anselm of Laon, the Lombard, and Hugh of St. Victor. In the thirteenth century, the empyrean was believed to be the dwelling place of God and the righteous. Among the other spheres, it was seen as a body of the thinnest consistency projecting the purest type of light, made of fire or transparent ether. The empyrean was described as a fixed sphere, with its unique light unable to penetrate beyond the eighth sphere. Given that the Keter was conceived as the source of divine abundance, the scholastic debate over whether the empyrean could be seen as influencing the earth is also relevant here. Duns Scotus, for example, asserted that the light of the empyrean could only reach the lower spheres; another view was that it controls the influence exerted by all the other spheres. Despite the diversity of opinions regarding this sphere, it is important to underline that the basic belief in this sphere was a cosmological convention accepted by all the authors in the thirteenth century, and that it was described in all instances as the most immense and powerful among the spheres.Footnote 65 The sefirotic sources we have discussed seem to indicate that this cosmological convention was held by early kabbalists and found its expression in very early sefirotic conceptions.Footnote 66
B. The Source is the Innermost Sphere
Identification of the center, or the focal point of being, with the divine, is a fundamental motif widely studied by scholars of religion and need not be repeated here. This goes for Jewish sources as well, and we know that holiness and divinity are identified with the center of spatial or architectural concepts such as the tabernacle and its contents, the land of Israel and Jerusalem, and more. A central textual example for this is the influential Sefer Yetzirah, which clearly describes God as identical with the cosmic center, and, according to Yehudah Liebes, some well-known rabbinic passages should also be read in this vein.Footnote 67 Accordingly, in early sefirotic sources, the Iyyun writings, which focused on the circle as a divine form and paradigm, considered its center as the source, basis, and most divine part, most probably drawing from the Sefer Yetzirah and various Neoplatonic notions.Footnote 68
Within many early sefirotic texts, the theological conceptualization of a circle or sphere is as a perfect geometric concept that expresses two theological ideals: first, complete equilibrium and inner balance of any inner forces or diversity, mainly regarding their distance from the source; and second, the notion of a center point, which stands in equal distance from each and every part of the overall structure. These ideals clearly characterize the Iyyun writings, as Oded Porat has thoroughly shown in his studies, and it is apt to illustrate this in an extract from Ma’ayan HaHokhma, one of the early and constitutive Iyyun sefirotic treatises: “And everything is in a circle, and the circle we have extracted from the Aleph, and Aleph from Yod, and the Yod is the Fountain.”Footnote 69 In this phrasing, very typical of Iyyun writings, the circle is considered to be an all-encompassing cosmic form or construct, whose basis and source is its center point, namely, the Yod, the smallest letter, which is very commonly depicted as a point, thus conveying that the circumference is dependent on the center point. Another passage from the Iyyun Corpus, this time from the treatise Sod Yediat HaMetziut, reads as follows:
[. . .] the body of the ancient air which is motionless and is adhered to God’s presence [. . .] and in [the air’s] midst He exists—the ancient agent, and we refer to him as “existent” because he hides in that ancient air, which is inside the forces emanated from him, for [the forces] wrap themselves one inside the other, and they roll in their movements and become a sort of a house around themselves. The ancient air, and each and every one of the forces mentioned, have a coming and going and ascent and descent, and they are seven.Footnote 70
Depicted here is a process in which the seven “forces” (namely, sefirot) come to be, by means of revolving around the middle point of the “Ancient Air,” where the Ancient Agent is situated, hiding. It is noteworthy that, albeit an “agent,” this entity does not seem to be the one activating or pursuing the described process. Rather, the forces are described as emanating from this agent or central point, and they are all perceived as wrappings of sorts, one underneath the other, encompassing this center. It seems, also, that the virtue of being hidden in the center is strongly linked to the theological status of this agent, or, in other words, that as a source so divine and central for the entire structure, it is fitting that it would be covered, internal, and unrevealed. In this way, too, the author perceives and expresses the superiority of the source over what issues from it. The forces are seen as dynamic entities, wrapping themselves and continuously revolving, thus creating, out of this motion, a surrounding or encasing described as a house. Last, this structure of concentric wrappings allows, in some manner, an inner motion of the different strata or forces, and all are able to ascend and descend between the ranks of this structure.Footnote 71
C. “Middle and encircling”: The Source Is Both the Outer- and Innermost Sphere
We also find a third attitude, one that is a combination of the other two—namely, that the divine source is both the innermost center of the sphere and its outermost circumference. Or, in a milder version, that the center and circumference are somehow essentially linked and are, therefore, seen in some way as sharing a common essence. A unique and fascinating articulation of this idea is found in the Sefer Yetzirah commentary attributed to Isaac the Blind, but here I will point to another early example of this notion, from Ma’ayan HaHokhma, in which the Yod as the circle’s center is discussed and is very explicitly described as both the middle point and its circumference:
And these two sources from which the flowings which flow, they are one thing which comes from the ancient darkness and refer to form and creation [. . .] which is in the likeness of [the Yod, namely,] the one that was upright and became bent. And she is intermediate [or: centermost], and encircling, and is situated on the head, and suckles the power of them all, and is counted among them all, and all are drawn out and come forth out of her.Footnote 72
The subject of this passage is the Hokhma, as can be gleaned from its description as the source of everything and as expressed through the motif of the Yod, which became bent.Footnote 73 It is described at one and the same time as the innermost center as well as the circumference encircling the entire spherical structure. Here, a third intriguing attribute is added, namely, that this focal point is also situated on the “head,” and this is connected to its most fundamental designation as the source of divine profusion for the entire sefirotic construct.Footnote 74 The description of the Yod as a center point that is in fact a minuscule inner closed form, a shape derived from that of the bent Yod, as a sort of a miniscule semicircle, is also of relevance to our subject.
Finally, this attitude, tying together in various ways the circumference and center, is also expressed, for example, in a diagram Busi and Abrams published and discussed, which is found in most of the manuscripts of the Ma’arekhet HaElohut.Footnote 75 This is an interesting circular, though not concentric, diagram, in which the outer circle is designated as Keter, yet in the lower part of the circle, tending to the left as is symbolically appropriate, there appears the sefirah Malkhut. Although this diagram does not show any cosmological contents or inclinations apart from the identification of the outer circle as the divine source, nevertheless it accepts the strong affinity between the inner and outer by positing both of them within the upper and lower parts of the surrounding sphere.
A Few Methodological Remarks
The main assertion of this article, and of the textual evidence corroborating it, touches upon several interesting issues of far-reaching implications for our understanding of sefirotic theology as such. Naturally, an in-depth discussion of all these issues would exceed the scope of this article and deserves separate attention. Nevertheless, I will offer my initial thoughts.
First, as we are tackling a formal, possibly visual, aspect of the concept of sefirot, one might wonder whether the different descriptions and images of the sefirot offered by the kabbalists should merely be understood as literary ways of representing abstract metaphysical realities, or whether they should be taken at face value as the actual way in which the kabbalists conceived and even visualized the sefirot. This line of thought touches upon hermeneutical questions, such as the function of language and metaphor in sefirotic texts or the meaning of modern readings in medieval texts, thoroughly discussed in scholarship.Footnote 76 I will only remark that this should be tackled, and with much prudence, regarding each author and text individually and not for “kabbalah,” as it were, as a whole. Moreover, although to us these two options seem opposite and even contradictory, in fact a wide spectrum of interrelated options extends between these two hermeneutic poles.
Second, given that spherical sefirot are not only described in the early sefirotic texts but are also depicted in diagrams, a corollary question that arises is whether the spherical shapes should be understood as circular— two-dimensional concepts deprived of any spatial dimension—or as actual spheres, that is, three-dimensional, spatial globes. A close look at the texts I discussed here shows that most of them could hypothetically accommodate both options and, strictly speaking, it is therefore up to the reader to decide. Here, too, I believe we should suspend any decisive judgment, as the equivocation more often than not characterizes the text itself. Moreover, this mainly has to do with a larger question: To what extent did different kabbalists conceive of the sefirot as actual entities as opposed to abstract concepts? These are extremely delicate and complex issues, for which clear, unequivocal resolutions cannot be offered.Footnote 77 That said, it should be stressed that the fact that a diagram of the sefirot is naturally two-dimensional does not imply that its object should be suspected to be nonspatial as well. The truth of the matter is that medieval manuscripts abound with two-dimensional planetary diagrams, and no one would suspect that the represented objects, namely, the planetary cosmos itself, is nonspatial.Footnote 78 I specifically chose this example to demonstrate my point in light of the centrality of astronomical convention in the formation of the spherical concept of sefirot, and I considered, together with the other images discussed above and by others, all of them of to be of spatial nature. I don’t see much reason to understand the possibly multivalent textual descriptions and the (naturally) nonspatial diagrams as referring to nonspatial theosophic concepts. Indeed, the real question here is again the one I articulated earlier—whether the sefirot were conceived as actual theosophical entities or as more abstract concepts. In the case of the former, it seems to me much more plausible that the sefirot were indeed perceived and described by the kabbalists as three dimensional, spherical globes.
Last but not least is the possible link between the Hebrew term sefirot, occurring for the first time in Sefer Yetzirah, and the word “sphere,” of Greek origin but widely used in Latin and Western European medieval vernaculars.Footnote 79 Although I think this phonetic affinity must have played some part in the formation of the concept of sefirot as spherical entities, I don’t see it as a direct cause, but rather, as another factor that reinforced an existing concept of the sefirot as spherical cosmological entities of sorts, as they were already understood to be in the earlier, non-sefirotic commentaries on Sefer Yetzirah.Footnote 80
Conclusion
The theological concept of sefirot is commonly considered to be the defining tenet of sefirotic lore. Therefore, an accurate depiction of the way the structure and inner hierarchy of the sefirot were perceived by the early kabbalists is crucial for understanding this theological phenomenon as such. In the vein of important observations made by several scholars and most prominently by Chajes in his recent work, in this article I have presented and discussed a large and variegated corpus of early sefirotic passages attesting to the prevalence and conventionality of spherical perceptions of the sefirot, starting from the earliest stages of the sefirotic literature known to us. Closely reading early sefirotic passages, I have stressed that seeing the sefirot as a set of concentric, hierarchical spherical divine entities, was, at least for a substantial part of the earliest authors, natural and self-evident. Moreover, I have observed that the earlier the texts, the less overt and detailed the spherical descriptions of the sefirot are, while the relatively later texts (to be sure, still within the thirteenth century), tend to be more declarative, detailed, and self-conscious regarding this subject. The reason for this seems to be that the sphericity of the sefirot was for the earlier writers much more axiomatic and self-evident than it had become later on, when other options regarding the nature and structure of the sefirot were already on the table.
The sources I have discussed show great diversity in details. In order to tackle this variety, I have suggested discerning between sources reliant on cosmological conventions, therefore characterized by the belief that the exterior sphere is the most divine part of the hierarchy, those characterized by the belief that the divine source of the entire system lies in its center, and an interesting third path, apparent in some early sefirotic texts, among them the Sefer Yetzirah commentary attributed to Isaac the Blind, which connects the center with the circumference in various ways, and regards this compound as the divine source as a whole. In addition to the cosmological considerations, one should take into account that the circle was universally perceived as a perfect divine and mystical form, and indeed it serves as a central metaphysical category in early sefirotic literature. To be sure, I do not claim that the sefirot were initially conceived as spherical entities due to any “influence” of specific contemporary astronomical knowledge. Rather, I suggest that since the sefirot were initially conceived as spherical divine entities, we see that the concept expresses some very basic cosmological conventions, and mainly placing the source of the hierarchy in the outermost sphere.
This preliminary survey offered in this article cannot and does not come near to exhausting the different facets of the issue under scrutiny as well as the various intricate questions it raises regarding the concept of sefirot per se and regarding the ways we, as scholars, read and interpret these texts. Much more should, and hopefully will, be written on these subjects in the coming years. However, given the scope of the early material I have discussed, it seems that the spherical structures of the sefirot were prevalent among the earliest sefirotic authors, and, moreover, that we should take into account the possibility that the spherical concepts of the sefirot could have, at least in part, predated their linear descriptions.
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