Hypnosis remains among the most widely misrepresented practices in psychology and allied disciplines (Lynn Reference Lynn, Kirsch and Terhune2020). In particular, there is a pronounced discrepancy between how hypnosis is used in clinical settings and understood within contemporary scientific research and how it is portrayed in popular culture. Although much of the blame falls on members of the media, who often exaggerate, misinterpret or sensationalise certain features of hypnosis, many misconceptions and outright myths about hypnosis continue to be disseminated by clinicians and hypnosis educators. Although Chan et al (Reference Chan, Zhang and Yin2023, this issue) have nicely highlighted the clinical value of hypnosis for several psychiatric conditions and provided an accurate account of recent research on the neurophysiology of hypnosis, they continue the unfortunate practice of propagating long-discredited myths about hypnosis. Spreading misinformation about hypnosis drives non-scientific and inaccurate beliefs about the practice and pushes the field away from the evidence base. Doing so can have potential detrimental consequences regarding how clinicians apply hypnosis, including communicating myths about it to patients. To ensure that psychiatrists and other mental health professionals are well-informed about hypnosis, here we correct multiple errors in Chan et al's account of hypnosis and its characteristics.
What hypnosis is not
Chan et al's account incorrectly presents hypnosis as a ‘special state’ where defence mechanisms are reduced and as a ‘unique state of physical relaxation and conscious unconsciousness’ that allows us to ‘enter our subconscious depths through hypnosis’. The proposals that responses to hypnotic suggestions are facilitated by these cognitive processes amount to clinical anecdotes (defence mechanisms) or hypotheses that have not yet been rigorously tested (unconscious intentions; Dienes Reference Dienes, Perner and Jamieson2007). Moreover, there is no robust neurophysiological evidence to demonstrate that hypnosis is a special or unique state (Terhune Reference Terhune, Cleeremans and Raz2017). Similarly, relaxation is not necessary to experience or use hypnosis (Banyai Reference Banyai and Hilgard1976). Aside from being a contradiction in terms, ‘conscious unconsciousness’ is an inaccurate depiction of hypnosis, because even the most highly suggestible individuals remain fully conscious and cognisant of their surroundings when responding to hypnotic suggestions. It is more parsimonious to consider hypnosis as a set of procedures in which verbal suggestions are used to modulate awareness, perception and cognition (Terhune Reference Terhune2014), rather than to unnecessarily invoke ‘special states’.
Chan et al make further mistakes when describing the principal features of hypnosis. They state that hypnosis is characterised by increased suggestibility; however, 54% participants are equally, or less, suggestible following a hypnotic induction (Braffman Reference Braffman and Kirsch1999). They highlight that in hypnosis, participants display ‘blind obedience’ to the clinician, such that participants respond to suggestions ‘irresistibly’; this is patently false – there is no systematic evidence that individuals lose control over their actions during hypnosis – and reinforces media misconceptions that hypnosis is something being done to you and that hypnosis can be used to control someone. Chan et al further state that hypnosis is characterised by ‘enhanced memory’. Although hypnotic suggestion can improve working memory in some individuals with traumatic brain injury (Lindeløv Reference Lindeløv, Overgaard and Overgaard2017), this is hardly a common feature of hypnosis. They make a similar claim regarding amnesia; however, spontaneous amnesia is incredibly rare in the context of hypnosis (Lynn Reference Lynn, Kirsch and Terhune2020). Verbal suggestions can be used to produce forgetting and hallucinations, but such effects are typically only clearly observed in highly suggestible individuals (Woody Reference Woody, Barnier, Nash and Barnier2008) and do not amount to a common feature of hypnosis.
Assessment tools and the evidence base
Chan et al provide a valuable review of the evidence base for the use of hypnosis in a variety of conditions, but there are additional limitations in their presentation that are worth addressing. Although the measurement of hypnotic suggestibility is an important practice in clinical settings, their discussion of assessment tools is limited. The authors cite only the Hypnotic Induction Profile, without mentioning more rigorous and established measures, and fail to provide a balanced overview of available scales. Relatedly, it is essential to motivate the use of such scales by noting that hypnotic suggestibility is a predictor of treatment outcome (Milling Reference Milling, Valentine and Lostimolo2021). Finally, although they do offer a generally accurate review of the evidence base for different conditions, their discussion lacks criticism of it, and at times overstates the results of studies with underpowered sample sizes and methodological limitations.
Ultimately, we commend Chan et al in their attempt to provide a review of the psychiatric use of hypnosis so that it may be more widely used, thereby making the beneficial effects of hypnosis more accessible to patients. We hope this response brings greater attention to common discrepancies between clinical practice and the evidence base and further contributes to psychiatrists receiving training and credentialling in this valuable, but often misunderstood, technique.
Author contributions
All authors contributed to the the initial outline. M.V.S. and D.B.T. drafted the initial manuscript; S.J.L. provided comments and feedback. All authors approved manuscript before submission.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Declaration of interest
None.
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