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Accepted manuscript

A quasi-experimental study to explore the association between nutritional education within the Holiday Activities and Food (HAF) Programme and related outcomes for children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2026

Emily K. Hope*
Affiliation:
Healthy Living Lab, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK:
Paul B. Stretesky
Affiliation:
School of Social and Political Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
Margaret Anne Defeyter
Affiliation:
Healthy Living Lab, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK:
*
*Corresponding author: Emily K. Hope, Email: emily.k.round@northumbria.ac.uk
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Abstract

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Objective:

Across school and community-based contexts, nutritional education interventions are often associated with improvements in a range of food-related and health-related outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the nutritional education component of the Holiday Activities and Food (HAF) programme, in England, was similarly associated with changes in these outcomes for children who attend.

Design:

A quasi-experimental, mixed-factorial 3 (School) x 3 (Group) x 2 (Time) design was employed. Outcome variables were liking and frequency of trying new foods, perceived cooking competence and health-related quality of life.

Setting:

Pre-post data were collected at three primary schools in one local authority in the North East of England, at two time points (before and after the summer holidays).

Participants:

A non-probability, purposive sample of 169 children (Mean age = 9.4 years, SD = 0.54), self-selected into groups of children who did not attend HAF over the summer holidays (No HAF; n = 123), attended their school-based HAF club (HAF; n = 29) or attended their school-based HAF club alongside a bespoke nutritional education programme (HAF NEP; n = 17).

Results:

Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U analyses found no significant between-group differences for any outcome, apart from perceived cooking competence. HAF NEP was associated with improved perceived cooking competence.

Conclusions:

Standard HAF was not associated with improved outcomes related to nutritional education. The HAF NEP group was associated with improved cooking competence only. The lack of significant findings in the intervention groups suggests further research into HAF nutritional education is required.

Information

Type
Research Paper
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society